Table 1.
Participant Characteristics, Treatment Adherence, and Smoking Outcomes
| Variables | mHealth Reinforcement (n = 42) |
Usual Care (n = 42) |
Highest Satisfaction (n = 60) |
Not Highest Satisfaction (n = 24) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 44.7 (10.3) | 45.2 (11.6) | 44.2 (10.7) | 47.0 (11.3) |
| Female (n) | 52.4% (22) | 60.0% (27) | 55.0% (33) | 66.7% (16) |
| Ethnicity (n) | ||||
| Not Hispanic | 92.9% (39) | 92.2% (39) | 91.7% (55) | 95.8% (23) |
| Hispanic | 2.4% (1) | 7.1% (3) | 6.7% (4) | 0% (0) |
| Not reported | 4.8% (2) | 0.0% (0) | 1.7% (1) | 4.2% (1) |
| Race (n) | ||||
| European American | 73.8% (31) | 81.0% (34) | 75% (45) | 83.3% (20) |
| African American | 14.3% (6) | 9.5% (4) | 13.3% (8) | 8.3% (2) |
| Asian/More than one/not reported | 11.9% (5) | 11.9% (5) | 11.7% (7) | 8.3% (2) |
| Highest grade (n) | ||||
| Grade 12, GED, or less | 66.7% (28) | 47.6% (20)† | 46.7% (28) | 33.3% (8) |
| 1-3 years college or more | 33.3% (14) | 52.4% (22) | 53.3% (32) | 66.7% (16) |
| Cigarette smoking characteristics | ||||
| Age first smoked | 16.7 (3.9) | 16.8 (4.3) | 17.0 (4.2) | 15.9 (3.3) |
| Past 30 days cigarettes per day | 17.7 (9.7) | 19.8 (8.0) | 17.4 (7.8) | 22.0 (10.6)* |
| Fagerström score | 4.0 (1.7) | 3.9 (1.6) | 4.0 (1.7) | 3.9 (1.7) |
| 1st cigarette within 5 minutes of waking (n) | 37.8% (16) | 35.6% (15) | 33.3% (20) | 45.8% (11) |
| Intake CO value | 16.0 (8.3) | 16.5 (7.3) | 15.1 (6.6) | 18.9 (9.8)† |
| Lives with smoker(s) (n) | 54.8% (23) | 33.3% (14)† | 43.4% (26) | 45.8% (11) |
| At least 1 baseline CO ≤ 6 ppm (n) | 7.1% (3) | 4.8% (2) | 8.3% (5) | 0.0% (0) |
| Prior quit history | ||||
| # ≥ 24-hour voluntary quit attempts | 7.2 (12.0) | 7.2 (21.1) | 7.0 (16.0) | 7.6 (20.2) |
| Longest quit attempt (months)a | 3.6 (8.8) | 1.6 (9.0) | 2.0 (8.5) | 2.3 (9.6) |
| Previous use of nicotine replacement (n) | 47.6% (20) | 54.8% (23) | 46.7% (28) | 62.5% (15) |
| Previous use non-nicotine medication (n) | 26.2% (11) | 33.3% (14) | 30.0% (18) | 29.2% (7) |
| Readiness to change | 6.0 (1.8) | 6.2 (1.9) | 5.8 (1.8) | 6.7 (5.8)† |
| Self-efficacy | 47.6 (7.3) | 46.1 (8.1) | 47.0 (7.9) | 46.6 (7.4) |
| Relapse Preparedness (WIP) | 13.8 (4.4) | 14.6 (4.2) | 14.0 (4.3) | 14.6 (3.7) |
| Craving – Negative expectancies (F1) | 5.1 (1.3) | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.2 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.1) |
| Craving – Positive expectancies (F2) | 3.2 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.2) |
| Treatment Adherence | ||||
| Days of transdermal nicotine use | 34.5 (13.1) | 30.8 (15.5) | 35.4 (12.6) | 25.8 (16.4)** |
| Percent of counseling sessions completed | 82.7% (30.2%) | 72.6% (32.2%) | 82.3% (27.6%) | 66.1% (33.7%)* |
| Longest duration of abstinence (days) a | 27.5 (10.3) | 17.0 (25.3)** | 28.0 (10.8) | 7.0 (21.8)** |
Note: Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise noted.
a
Median (interquartile range).
†
p < .10;
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01; all other relations, p ≥ .13.