Table 2. The effect of stress and resveratrol treatment on cytokine expression in the DR.
RSV treatment reduced cytokine expression in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, a history of social defeat stress reduced cytokine expression of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 (ƒ p<0.05 vs. 0 mg/kg Con + AC; ** p<0.01, **** p<0.0001 vs 0 mg/kg Con). Data are expressed as percent of vehicle (0 mg/kg) control (average ± SEM) and sample size (n) for control (Con), passive coping (PC), and active coping (AC) groups.
| Cytokine Analyte | 0 mg/kg RSV | 10 mg/kg RSV | 30 mg/kg RSV | Tx Effect | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Con | PC | AC | Con | PC | AC | Con | PC | AC | ||
| IL-1β | 100.0 ±1.7 (4) | 87.6 ±2.5 (7) ƒ | 96.1 ±3.3 (8) | 91.8 ±4.1 (5) | 95.6 ±1.3 (6) | 101.1 ±5.0 (4) | 86.4 ±4.4 (4) | 83.6 ±2.4 (9) | 81.6 ±1.1 (4) | p < 0.0001 |
| IL-2 | 96.3 ±4.8 (4) | 70.4 ±2.7 (7) **** | 74.8 ±3.7 (8) **** | 77.0 ±4.1 (5) | 81.9 ±0.9 (5) | 87.7 ±2.3 (3) | 66.8 ±4.6 (4) | 64.9 ±1.3 (7) | 62.0 ±2.1 (4) | p < 0.0001 |
| IL-4 | 100.0 ±1.0 (4) | 88.6 ±2.1 (8) ** | 90.7 ±2.3 (8) ** | 90.8 ±1.5 (5) | 95.4 ±2.3 (7) | 95.5 ±2.1 (4) | 81.5 ±1.7 (4) | 83.2 ±1.4 (9) | 80.0 ±1.6 (4) | p < 0.0001 |
| IL-6 | 100.0 ±0.4 (5) | 102.3 ±0.6 (9) | 102.0 ±0.7 (8) | 101.8 ±0.7 (5) | 101.0 ±0.5 (7) | 100.9 ±0.8 (4) | 104.0 ±0.5 (4) | 103.8 ±0.4 (9) | 104.4 ±0.5 (4) | p < 0.0001 |
| IL-10 | 100.0 ±0.6 (4) | 91.0 ±1.2 (7) ** | 94.6 ±2.6 (8) | 95.8 ±1.6 (5) | 96.6 ±1.5 (6) | 95.7 ±2.4 (4) | 86.3 ±1.2 (4) | 88.2 ±1.0 (8) | 88.1 ±2.0 (4) | p < 0.0001 |
| IL-13 | 100.0 ±2.7 (5) | 97.4 ±1.2 (6) | 101.6 ±2.0 (8) | 98.7 ±2.2 (5) | 102.4 ±2.2 (7) | 105.3 ±2.1 (4) | 94.5 ±2.8 (4) | 94.4 ±1.2 (9) | 91.3 ±1.1 (4) | p < 0.0001 |
| GM-CSF | 100.0 ±1.6 (4) | 82.7 ±6.4 (7) | 96.6 ±5.8 (7) | 104.2 ±10.3 (4) | 93.7 ±5.9 (7) | 114.5 ±17.3 (4) | 85.3 ±5.2 (4) | 83.1 ±7.1 (8) | 83.7 ±4.1 (4) | p < 0.05 |
| TNF-α | 100.0 ±0.9 (4) | 98.6 ±0.4 (8) | 98.3 ±1.2 (7) | 98.6 ±0.5 (5) | 98.7 ±1.1 (7) | 99.9 ±1.4 (7) | 95.9 ±0.3 (4) | 96.4 ±0.8 (9) | 96.7 ±0.5 (4) | p < 0.01 |
| MCP-1 | 100.0 ±0.9 (4) | 98.7 ±0.9 (8) | 98.3 ±1.2 (7) | 98.6 ±0.5 (5) | 98.7 ±1.1 (6) | 99.9 ±1.4 (4) | 94.9 ±1.0 (4) | 96.4 ±0.8 (8) | 96.7 ±0.5 (4) | p < 0.001 |