Figure 4. QQ-plot of GWAS of learning performance score in PING sample (n=479).

Tests were performed for genomic effects G×R and Main effect models of learning performance scores for each of 488,200 SNPs. Observed p-values in the GWAS of each model were sorted and then plotted on a −log₁₀ scale against expected values in theoretical null distributions. The shaded region indicates a 95% confidence interval. Blue dots correspond to tests of ${\mathcal{J}}_0^{(g)}$ in the G×R model. Red triangles correspond to tests of ${\mathcal{M}}_0^{(g)}$ in the main effect model. The genomic inflation factors for the GWAS of the G×R and Main effect models were 1.012 and 1.002, respectively.