Table II.

Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use with subsequent Risk of Acute Kidney Injury

Model	Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval), p value
	No acid suppressive medications	Proton Pump Inhibitors	Histamine Receptor Antagonists
Unadjusted
	Ref.	1.28 1.17–1.41 p<0.001	1.10 0.91–1.30 p=0.31
Adjusted
Model 1. Demographics	Ref.	1.20 1.08–1.31 p<0.001	1.03 0.85–1.22 p=0.78
Model 2. Model 1+ cardiovascular comorbidities	Ref.	1.14 1.03–1.25 p=0.01	0.98 0.82–1.17 p=0.86
Model 3. Model 2 + possible clinical indications for PPI use	Ref.	1.10 1.00–1.21 p=0.05	0.98 0.81–1.17 p=0.80
Model 4. Model 3 + severity of illness	Ref.	1.04 0.94–1.15 p=0.46	0.94 0.78–1.14 p=0.57
Model 5. Model 4 + outpatient medication use	Ref.	1.02 0.91–1.13 p=0.73	0.94 0.78–1.15 p=0.59

Model 1. Adjusted for age, sex, race (n=15,044)

Model 2 Adjusted for mode 1 plus admission intensive care unit type, history of diabetes, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension or pulmonary circulation. (n=15,024)

Model 3. Adjusted for model 2 plus history liver disease, peptic ulcer disease, alcohol abuse, weight loss, obesity and metastatic cancer (n=15,024)

Model 4. Adjusted for model 3 plus admission systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, glucose, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and platelet count. (n=13,305)

Model 5. Adjusted for model 4 plus use of diuretics, ace inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, and statins. (n=13,209)