Table 1. Demographics and clinical characteristics of 237 patients.
| Etiology | No. | Age (a) | Sex |
Laterality |
Duration of epiphora (mo) | Follow-up (mo) | ||
| F | M | Unilateral | Bilateral | |||||
| Eyelid malposition | 26 (11) | 64.5±28.6 | 12 (46) | 14 (54) | 13 (50) | 13 (50) | 4.4±2.6 | 3.1±2.4 |
| Reflex tearing | 51 (22) | 61.2±19.2 | 28 (55) | 23 (45) | 10 (20) | 41 (80) | 6.8±6.2 | 7.4±8.3 |
| Lacrimal obstruction | 108 (46) | 45.2±28.1 | 70 (65) | 38 (35) | 81 (75) | 27 (25) | 17.9±18.5 | 9.5±13.0 |
| Congenital NLDO | 17 (7) | 3.5±3.9 | 6 (35) | 11 (65) | 12 (71) | 5 (29) | 14.9±15.2 | 3.9±3.1 |
| Upper obstruction | 26 (11) | 42.6±24.6 | 19 (73) | 7 (27) | 17 (63) | 9 (37) | 41.6±49.2 | 14.3±19.3 |
| Lower obstruction | 65 (27) | 57.1±21.8 | 45 (69) | 20 (31) | 52 (80) | 13 (20) | 18.9±18.5 | 8.5±9.6 |
| Multifactorial epiphora | 52 (22) | 69.0±14.1 | 20 (38) | 32 (62) | 16 (31) | 36 (69) | 21.2±19.4 | 3.7±3.0 |
| 2 causative factors | 40 (77) | 68.2±15.0 | 17 (43) | 23 (57) | 15 (38) | 25 (62) | 19.0±18.2 | 3.5±2.9 |
| 3 causative factors | 12 (23) | 71.5±10.3 | 3 (25) | 9 (75) | 1 (8) | 11 (92) | 24.3±21.8 | 4.4±3.6 |
| Total | 237 | 55.9±25.9 | 130 (55) | 107 (45) | 120 (51) | 117 (49) | 15.3±17.1 | 7.2±10.1 |
x±s; n (%)