Table 2.

Kinematic variables of facial emotion expressions in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and in healthy subjects (HS).

	Peak velocity			Amplitude
	PD patients	HS	P values	PD patients	HS	P values
Anger
Brown lowerer—AU4	23.57 ± 4.51	32.89 ± 4.77	0.097	3.25 ± 0.60	4.69 ± 0.81	0.147
Upper lip raiser—AU10	22.21 ± 3.45	39.74 ± 4.90	0.015*	2.17 ± 0.28	5.76 ± 1.31	0.015*
Jaw drop—AU26	50.07 ± 11.38	131.29 ± 63.41	0.128	7.18 ± 1.41	12.17 ± 2.46	0.078
Disgust
Nose wrinkler—AU9	22.02 ± 4.85	42.50 ± 6.54	0.015*	3.58 ± 0.56	6.68 ± 0.79	0.004*
Lip corner depressor—AU15	23.78 ± 3.83	33.23 ± 9.54	0.427	4.81 ± 0.99	6.87 ± 1.13	0.062
Jaw Drop—AU26	33.83 ± 6.77	52.14 ± 13.46	0.580	7.33 ± 1.51	10.77 ± 2.34	0.254
Fear
Inner brown raiser—AU1	18.15 ± 2.44	35.67 ± 3.57	0.010*	2.30 ± 0.38	3.52 ± 0.35	0.128
Outer brown raiser—AU2	27.58 ± 2.78	47.91 ± 7.00	0.006*	2.80 ± 0.42	4.50 ± 0.45	0.027
Jaw drop—AU26	45.28 ± 9.54	123.42 ± 28.60	0.045	8.75 ± 2.32	14.12 ± 3.68	0.097
Happiness
Cheek raiser—AU6	17.74 ± 4.17	40.44 ± 6.60	0.004*	2.53 ± 0.37	6.03 ± 0.95	<0.001*
Lip corner puller—AU12	30.26 ± 4.76	53.03 ± 7.17	0.005*	5.01 ± 0.57	8.98 ± 1.16	0.005*
Sadness
Brown lowerer—AU4	7.82 ± 1.09	13.91 ± 2.17	0.009*	1.31 ± 0.24	1.97 ± 0.34	0.097
Lip corner depressor—AU15	9.86 ± 1.61	18.57 ± 2.49	0.001*	1.70 ± 0.27	3.36 ± 0.43	0.001*
Surprise
Inner brown raiser—AU1	25.90 ± 3.35	46.14 ± 4.99	0.002*	2.88 ± 0.40	4.04 ± 0.52	0.012
Outer brown raiser—AU2	32.26 ± 3.60	54.26 ± 4.44	0.001*	3.66 ± 0.39	4.86 ± 0.41	0.053
Jaw drop—AU26	60.59 ± 9.07	156.20 ± 41.02	0.008*	10.09 ± 1.95	17.20 ± 4.89	0.090

Plus and minus values are mean ± 1 SEM. Data of all the action units (AU), except AU26, are pooled from both hemifaces.

*Statistically significant between group difference.