Table 1.

Summarizing early evaluation system of vascular health.

Techniques	Region of interest	Advantages	Disadvantages
Vascular endothelial function	Vascular endothelium
Coronary angiography [7]	Coronary artery	Gold standard	Invasive, difficult, time consuming with high cost
FMD [17, 18, 20, 21]	Conduit brachial artery	Noninvasive, simple, most used	Technical requirements, Multiple influencing factors
PAT-RHI [18, 20, 21]	Finger microvasculature	Automatic detection, simple operation	More data on predictive value
Arterial stiffness
PWV [22, 23]	Large artery function	Gold standard	Dependent on blood pressure
CAVI [29, 30]	Large artery function and structure	Independent of blood pressure	Influenced by lower ABI value, more data on predictive value
CAP [39–43]	Cardiac catheterization	Directly	Invasive
	Systolic radial or carotid artery waveforms	Noninvasive, easy conduction	Need more investigation
AI [41, 47, 50, 51]	Systolic radial or carotid artery waveforms analysis	Noninvasive, automatically detected	Lack of reference value, need more investigation
C1/C2 [53–55]	Diastolic radial artery waveform analysis	Noninvasive, automatically detected	Lack of reference value, need more investigation
ABI [59, 60, 65]	Peripheral limb artery	Gold standard of PAD, predictor of CVD, easy operation, good repeatability	Not suitable for people with severe arterial calcification or vascular occlusion
Carotid atherosclerosis
CIMT [75, 76, 78]	Structure of carotid artery	Noninvasive, easy operation	Multiple location of measurements
CP [75, 76]	Structure of carotid artery	Noninvasive, easy operation	Plaque multiple variation
CACS [79, 80]	Coronary artery structure	High cost	Prediction of CVD
ABPM and Holter [46, 83, 84]	Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure and ECG	Low cost, real-time monitoring	Prognosis of CVD
Biomarkers [25, 88, 89]	Blood indicators	Simple, inexpensive, good reproducibility	Need further validation
Genetic evaluation [91–93]	Genetic loci	Gene targeted therapy	Need further validation