Table 2.

FAs and their derivatives as PPARs ligands.

Receptor	PPARα	PPARβ/δ	PPARγ
Ligands	Saturated FAs (weaker)	Unsaturated FAs	Unsaturated FAs (LA, LNA, CLA, DHA, EPA)
	Unsaturated FAs (LA, LNA, PUFAs, including AA, EPA, phytanic acid)	Saturated FAs (much weaker) Prostacyclin	15-d-PGJ2 15-HETE
	Leukotriene B4	4-HNE	9-HODE
	8-HETE	4-HDDE	13-HODE
	8,9-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids
	11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids
	OEA
	PEA

AA, arachidonic acid; CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; 15-d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14 prostaglandin J2; LA, linoleic acid; LNA, α-linolenic acid; OEA, oleoylethanolamide; PEA, palmitoylethanolamide; 4-HDDE, 4-hydroxydodeca-(2E,6Z)-dienal; 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; 15-HETE, 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; HODE, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid.