Table 1. Comparison of demographic characteristics of the study subjects.
| Control group (n = 92) | Lead-exposed group (n = 92) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male [Case (%)] | 44 (47.8%) | 50 (54.3%) | 0.461 |
| Age (year) | 20.85 ± 2.61 | 21.2 ± 2.86 | 0.390 |
| Blood lead (μg/L) | 33 [29, 38.75] | 121 [92.5, 159] | 0.001 |
| Serum CysC (mg/L) | 0.6 [0.55, 0.65] | 1.03 [0.92, 1.15] | 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min × 1.73 m2) | 143.53 ± 12.11 | 141.74 ± 10.73 | 0.289 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 54.33 ± 11.97 | 56.66 ± 7.49 | 0.116 |
| Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.38 ± 1.25 | 4.00 ± 1.05 | 0.027 |
| Serum uric acid (μmol/L) | 330.87 ± 80.04 | 316.85 ± 65.523 | 0.195 |
| Urinary ALB/Cr (mg/g) | 8.5 [5.9, 14.2] | 10.5 [6.9, 18.1] | 0.124 |
| Urinary KIM-1/Cr (ng/g) | 13.85 [9.20, 20.84] | 30.02 [19.86, 50.47] | 0.001 |
| Urinary NAG/Cr (U/g) | 13.10 ± 5.98 | 19.66 ± 8.03 | 0.001 |
| Urinary α1-MG/Cr (mg/g) | 4.35 [3.07, 7.09] | 6.32 [3.98, 9.02] | 0.004 |
| Urinary β2-MG/Cr (mg/g) | 0.13 [0.10, 0.21] | 0.19 [0.13, 0.32] | 0.001 |
Note: Normally distributed data were presented as mean ± SD. Non-normally distributed data were presented using median (25th, 75th percentile). Abbreviations: ALB, albumin; α1-MG, α1-microglobulin; β2-MG, β2-microglobulin; CysC, cystatin C; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filter rate; KIM-1, kidney injury molecular 1; NAG, N-acetyl-β-(D)-glucosaminidase.