Table 1. The characteristics of the study population.
| Total | Male | Female | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 559 | 294 | 265 | — |
| Age, year | 20.2 (2.9) | 20.0 (3.0) | 20.4 (2.8) | 0.11 |
| sleep hours, hour | 8.20 (1.25) | 8.17 (1.17) | 8.24 (1.34) | 0.501 |
| sleep quality score | 2.2 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.9) | 2.1 (1.8) | 0.196 |
| Moderate to high activity, h/week | 2.2 (1.9) | 3.2 (3.8) | 1.7 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Smoke, n (%) | 109 (19.5%) | 75 (25.5%) | 34 (12.8%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 (5.7) | 27.0 (5.8) | 24.3 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| WC, cm | 85.2 (14.6) | 90.5 (14.6) | 79.3 (12.1) | <0.001 |
| FAT% | 30.43 (10.26) | 27.92 (9.38) | 33.21 (10.49) | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 4.92 (0.69) | 5.00(0.86) | 4.82 (0.41) | 0.001 |
| 2 h-glucose, mmol/L | 6.06 (1.84) | 6.17 (2.07) | 5.95 (1.54) | 0.179 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.38 (0.48) | 5.42 (0.54) | 5.33 (0.40) | 0.038 |
| Fasting insulin, mIU/L | 9.1 (7.9) | 9.5 (8.2) | 8.7 (7.6) | 0.236 |
| 2 h-insulin, mIU/L | 51.7 (59.3) | 49.9 (51.1) | 53.6 (67.2) | 0.468 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.04 (1.92) | 2.15 (2.01) | 1.92 (1.81) | 0.146 |
| SBP, mmHg | 115 (14) | 121 (14) | 108 (11) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 73 (10) | 76 (10) | 70 (10) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.13 (0.83) | 1.25 (1.01) | 1.01 (0.54) | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.35 (0.92) | 4.29 (0.86) | 4.41 (0.99) | 0.131 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.53 (0.79) | 2.56 (0.72) | 2.50 (0.86) | 0.371 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.44 (0.32) | 1.34 (0.28) | 1.54 (0.34) | <0.001 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/L | 1.81 (2.54) | 1.73 (2.30) | 1.90 (2.77) | 0.42 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 2.87 (2.80) | 1.85 (1.96) | 3.99 (3.15) | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin, ug/mL | 8.09 (5.41) | 7.04 (4.12) | 9.27 (6.36) | <0.001 |
| Overweight, n (%) | 135 (24%) | 75 (26%) | 60 (23%) | <0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 181 (32%) | 121 (41%) | 60 (23%) | <0.001 |
| T2DM, n (%) | 9 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 0.218 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 53 (9%) | 45 (15%) | 8 (3%) | <0.001 |
| MS, n (%) | 58 (10.4%) | 46 (15.6%) | 12 (4.5%) | <0.001 |
| Resting heart rate, bpm | 79.2(17.6) | 77.0 (12.8) | 81.5(11.9) | <0.001 |
| IVSDT, cm | 0.89 (0.12) | 0.93 (0.12) | 0.85 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| LVEDD, cm | 4.42 (0.49) | 4.65(0.45) | 4.17 (0.40) | <0.001 |
| LVPWT, cm | 0.89 (0.11) | 0.94 (0.10) | 0.84 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| LVM, g | 133.1 (39.1) | 153.4 (36.9) | 111.7 (28.4) | <0.001 |
| LVMI, g/m2.7 | 31.51 (8.00) | 33.23 (8.32) | 29.71 (7.23) | <0.001 |
Data are the means (SD) or N (%). Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; WC = waist circumference; FAT% = body fat percentage; HOMA-IR = insulin resistance index; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hs-CRP = high-sensitivity c-reactive protein; IVSDT = inter ventricular septal diastolic thickness; LVEDD = left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVPWT = left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVM = left ventricular mass; LVMI = left ventricular mass index; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; MS = metabolic syndrome.