Table 2.
Hormonal baseline and post-intervention hormonal cut-off that have been associated with low mobility in older persons, categorized as all, women and men.
| ALL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline values | Intervention | Values after treatment | Study outcomes | |
| IGF-1 |
Huang et al (Ref 198) n. 23 Mean age: 71±4.4 years < 160 ng/mL |
3 times/week, 6 months | 240 | Increased protein synthesis |
|
Blackman et al (Ref 199) N.30 Mean age: 71± 1.1 years < 160 ng/mL |
GH starting dose 30 reduced to 20 μg/kg, 3 times/week, 26 weeks | 244 ng/mL | Increased LBM and decreased total and sc fat; no changes in muscle function | |
| VITAMIN D |
Lagari et al (Ref 218) N. 86 Mean Age 73.4 ± 6.4 25 OHD= 33± 10 ng/mL 25 OHD < 20ng/mL= 8% 25 OHD < 30ng/mL= 35% Gait Speed : 0.94± 0.2 m/sec Single-leg bal. : 18± 19.8 sec Chair stands: 15.3± 4.5 n/30sec Grip Strength: 23.8± 6.7 kg Gallon jug test: 10.7± 2.4 sec |
GROUP 1: 400 IU D3 daily GROUP 2: 2000 IU D3 daily 6 months |
2.4 ± 12 ng/mL | Gait Speed : −0.02±0.11 m/sec Single-leg bal. : −1.7±.11.9sec Chair stands: ---0.17±11.9 sec Grip Strength: −0.9±2.9 sec Gallon jug test: −0.34± 1.3i sec |
|
Latham et al (Ref 221) n.243 mean age: 79 ± 2 Baseline 25(OH)D: Median 16 mcg/L |
Active dose: 300000UI in a single dose Control group: Placebo Length of study= 6 months |
Falls over 6 months, strength (hand-held dynamometer), physical performance (Berg balance test and timed walk), and self- reported function (SF-36 and Barthel Index) Findings: No difference between groups for any outcomes |
||
| WOMEN | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline values | Intervention | Values after treatment | Study outcomes | |
|
Lagari et al (Ref 218) N.71 6 months GROUP 1: N= 25; Age: 72 ±5.4 25 OHD= 33.5± 8.4 ng/mL 25 OHD < 20ng/mL= 3% 25 OHD < 30ng/mL= 11% Gait Speed : 0.93± 0.1 m/sec Single-leg bal. : 19.3± 19.9 sec Chair stands: 13.7±4 n/30sec Grip Strength: 22.4± 4.2 kg Gallon jug test: 11± 2 sec GROUP 2: n=46; Age: 74 ± 6.7 25 OHD= 33.0± 9.9 ng/mL 25 OHD < 20ng/mL= 4% 25 OHD < 30ng/mL= 23% Gait Speed : 0.91± 0.2 m/sec Single-leg bal. : 16.8± 18.5 sec Chair stands:15.1± 3.8 n/30 s Grip Strength: 22.3± 6.3 kg Gallon jug test: 11.1± 2.5 sec |
GROUP 1: 400 IU D3 daily GROUP 2: 2000 IU D3 daily |
GROUP 1: 25(OH)D −3.4 ± 10.8 ng/ml GROUP 2: 25(OH)D 5.3 ± 12.3ng/ml |
GROUP 1: Gait Speed : 0.05±0.1 m/sec Single-leg bal. : 0.62±.1.14sec Chair stands: 0.26±3.1 n/30sec Grip Strength: −1.3±2.5kg Gallon jug test: −0.62± 1.1 sec GROUP 2: Gait Speed : 0.03± 0.09 m/sec Single-leg bal. : −2.7±.12.4 sec Chair stands: 0.50±3.7 n/30sec Grip Strength: −1.1±2.8kg Gallon jug test: −0.28± 1.4 sec |
|
|
Sato et al (Ref 220) n.96 Mean age: 74.2 Length of study:2 years 25OHVit D baseline: <10ng/mL |
Treatment group: 1,000 IU D2 daily Control Group: Placebo |
Treatment group: 33.4± 3.3ng/mL Control Group: 5.3± 1.1ng/mL |
Muscle strength improving: Treatment group: 6.9± 1.1 Control Group: 3.5± 1.3 |
|
| Baseline values | Intervention | Values after treatment | Study outcomes | |
|
Bischoff et al (Ref 222) N. 122 Mean age:85.3 25OHD baseline:30 nmol/L (mean value) Length of study: 12 week |
Treatment group: 800 IU D3 and 1200 mg calcium Control Group: Calcium |
Treatment group: 65.5 nmol/L Control group: 28.5 nmol/L |
Treatment group: Knee flexor strength: +3.7% (percent change) Knee extensor strength: +8.6% Grip strength: +5.5% Control group: Knee flexor strength: −3.9% Knee extensor strength: +1.4% Grip strength: 0% |
|
|
Janssen et al (Ref 167) N.70 Mean age: 80.5 25OHVit D baseline: 33.5 nmol/L (mean) |
Treatment group 400 IU D3 and 500 mg calcium daily Control Group: Placebo and 500mg calcium |
Treatment group: 77.2 nmol/L (mean) Control Group 41.6 nmol/L (mean) |
No significant difference in strength or functional mobility between the two groups | |
| DHEAS |
Nair et al (Ref 175) N. 57 0,4 (0,3-0,5) mcg/mL mean age: 69 Length of study: 2 years |
50 mg/day | Increase by median of 3.8 μg/mL | No increase in muscle strength Increase in BMD ultradistal radius |
| MEN | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline values | Intervention | Values after treatment | Study outcomes | |
| IGF-1 |
Giannoulis et al (Ref 238) N.18 mean age: 70.7 ± 0.7 102±5.3 ng/dl |
GH starting dose 0.1 mg/d; increased gradually to a mean of 0.54 mg/d, 6 month | 193.4 ± 10.6 ng/mL | LBM and whole protein turnover increased |
| TESTOSTERONE |
Lange et al (Ref 203) N.8 mean age: 74 ± 2 145±14 ng/mL |
GH increased gradually over 3 wk to 12 μg/kg * d, 12 wk | 247 ± 30 ng/mL | Positive Changes in body composition. No significant effect on isokinetic quadriceps muscle strength, power, CSA or fiber size. |
|
Nair et al (ref 175) N.30 median age: 66.2 median 357.3 ng/dL Kenny et al (Ref 181) N. 131 mean age 77.1 < 350 ng/dL |
Transdermal T 5 mg per day (23 months) transdermal T 5 mg/day (12 months) |
total T 461 ng/dL Increase by median 104.5 total T 583 ng/dL |
slight increase in fat-free mass, and increase in BMD at the femoral neck ⇑ lean mass ⇓ fat mass no changes in muscle strength |
|
|
Srinivas-Shankar et al (Ref 183) N. 274 mean age 72.5 < 350 ng/dL |
transdermal T 50 mg/day (6 months | total T 547ng/dL | ⇑ lower limb muscle strength, body composition, physical function | |
|
Travison et al (Ref 184) N. 209 mean age 74 100-350 ng/dL |
transdermal T 10 mg/day (6 months) | total T 361 ng/dL | ⇑ muscle strength and stair-climbing power | |
| VITAMIN D |
Lagari et al (Ref 218) N.15 Length of study: 6 months GROUP 1:n= 6;Age: 74.8 ± 7.9 25 OHD= 31.3 ± 9.1 ng/mL 25 OHD < 20ng/mL= 0 25 OHD < 30ng/mL= 13% Gait Speed : 1± 0.22 m/sec Single-leg bal. : 9± 8.9 sec Chair stands: 15.3± 6.1 n/30sec Grip Strength: 30± 9.9 kg Gallon jug test: 9.5± 1.5 sec |
GROUP 1: 400 IU D3 daily |
GROUP 1: 25OHD −1.2± 5.9 ng/mL |
GROUP 1: Gait Speed : −0.1± 0.18 m/sec Single-leg bal. : 3.8± .8.2sec Chair stands: −5± 1.5 n/30sec Grip Strength: −1 ±4.5 kg Gallon jug test: −0.35± 1.1 sec |
|
GROUP 2 n= 9;Age: 73.3 ± 25 OHD= 32.6± 15.5 ng/mL 25 OHD < 20ng/mL= 13% 25 OHD < 30ng/mL= 16% Gait Speed : 1.1± 0.16m/sec Single-leg bal. : 36.5± 25.6 sec Chair stands:20.1± 4 n/30s Grip Strength: 30.6± 6.6 kg Gallon jug test: 8.4± 1.6 sec |
GROUP 2: 2000 IU D3 daily |
GROUP 2: 25 OHD 6.1 ± 12.6ng/mL |
GROUP 2: Gait Speed : −0.01± 0.1 m/sec Single-leg bal. : −8.6± .13.3 sec Chair stands: 0.67± 3.6 n/30sec Grip Strength: 1.3±2.4 kg Gallon jug test: −0.52± 0.74sec |
|
| DHEAS |
Nair et al (Ref 175) N. 87 0,4 (0,3-0,5) mcg/mL mean age 68 |
0,6 (0,4-1,0) μg/mL 2 years |
Increase by median of 3.8 μg/mL | No effect on muscle mass and strength |