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. 2015 Jun 15;5:10610. doi: 10.1038/srep10610

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Schematic of Photo Induced Force Microscopy (PIFM) used to measure the optically induced force F by locking onto the modulated optical field, generated by a laser (L). Incident light is modulated at frequency f_m by a Bragg cell (B) and focused on to the sample by oil immersion objective lens (O). The cantilever or tuning fork detects this modulated field on one of its resonant frequencies while the electronic reference is generated by mixing the modulation frequency (f_m) and the detector self-oscillation frequency (f₀) in a mixer and subsequent band-pass filtering.