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. 2015 Jun 23;5:11531. doi: 10.1038/srep11531

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Branch a (green line) represents the branch leading to the ancestor of Pteropodidae. Branch b (blue line) represents the Emballonuridae bat. Each branch was defined as a foreground branch. The study of parallel evolution focused on either branch a or b (the photographs of C. sphinx and M. laniger were taken by H.Q.L., and photographs of H. armiger, E. spelaea and T. melanopogon were obtained from Xu-Dong Zhao).