Table 2.
Urinary levels of nicotine metabolites and total NNAL in relation to the risk of developing lung cancer, The Shanghai Cohort Study 1986-2014
| Biomarkers in quartile (cut-off values)* | Cases | Controls | OR† (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total nicotine (nmol/mg creatinine) | |||
| 1st (<3.85) | 30 | 86 | 1.00 |
| 2nd (3.85-9.56) | 77 | 91 | 2.10 (1.22-3.61) |
| 3rd (9.57-18.47) | 91 | 90 | 2.35 (1.38-4.00) |
| 4th (>18.47) | 127 | 89 | 3.03 (1.80-5.10) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | ||
| Total cotinine (nmol/mg creatinine) | |||
| 1st (<3.89) | 20 | 80 | 1.00 |
| 2nd (3.89-9.07) | 49 | 93 | 2.00 (1.08-3.71) |
| 3rd (9.08-15.81) | 110 | 94 | 3.35 (1.86-6.04) |
| 4th (>15.81) | 146 | 89 | 4.70 (2.61-8.46) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | ||
| Total 3HC (nmol/mg creatinine) | |||
| 1st (<4.17) | 19 | 79 | 1.00 |
| 2nd (4.17-10.79) | 62 | 89 | 2.31 (1.25-4.28) |
| 3rd (10.80-20.13) | 89 | 89 | 3.02 (1.65-5.51) |
| 4th (>20.13) | 155 | 99 | 4.26 (2.37-7.68) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | ||
| TNE (nmol/mg creatinine)‡ | |||
| 1st (<15.64) | 19 | 78 | 1.00 |
| 2nd (15.64-33.27) | 51 | 93 | 1.91 (1.02-3.58) |
| 3rd (33.28-54.28) | 96 | 90 | 3.26 (1.79-5.93) |
| 4th (>54.28) | 159 | 95 | 4.71 (2.61-8.52) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | ||
| Total NNAL (pmol/mg creatinine)§ | |||
| 1st (<0.09) | 33 | 86 | 1.00 |
| 2nd(0.10-0.15) | 69 | 88 | 1.87 (1.10-3.18) |
| 3rd (0.16-0.25) | 96 | 92 | 2.09 (1.24-3.51) |
| 4th (>0.25) | 119 | 82 | 3.15 (1.86-5.33) |
| P for trend | <0.001 |
*
Abbreviations: NNAL, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; 3HC, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine; TNE, total nicotine equivalents; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
†
Adjusted for number of cigarettes per day, number of years of smoking, and matching factors.
‡
The sum of total nicotine, total cotinine and total 3HC.
§
Sixteen subjects (8 cases and 8 controls) were excluded from this analysis due to missing total NNAL.