Table 1.
Summary of included studies between 2004–2014 reporting prevalence of Chagas disease among migrant populations
| Author (year) |
Country | Site | Population | Age of sample |
Migrants (N) |
Preval ence |
Diagnostic Tests | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | Initial | Confirm | |||||||
| Spain | |||||||||
| Avila-Arzanegui (2013) | Spain (Biscay) | Hospital, prenatal visit | Pregnant women born in LA | Mean 28.5 (+/−5.3) | 158 | 12.0 | 2008–2010 | IFA | ELISA (2) |
| Barona-Vilar (2012) | Spain (Valencia) | Primary care centers | Pregnant women born in LA | -- | 1,975 | 11.4 | 2009–2010 | ELISA (2) | IFA |
| Gimenez-Marti (2006) | Spain (Valencia) | Hospital microbiology lab* | Random sample serum from South American immigrants | -- | 432 | 3.7 | 2001 | ELISA | IP & IFA |
| Lucas (2009) | Spain (Valencia) | Hospital, gynecology visit | Pregnant women born in LA | Mean 25.9 (+/−5) | 383 | 9.7 | 2005–2007 | IP | IIF & ELISA |
| Munoz (2009) | Spain (Barcelona) | Hospital, maternity clinics | Pregnant women born in LA | Mean 31 (range: 18–43) | 1350 | 3.4 | 2005–2007 | ELISA (2) | ELISA & PCR |
| Munoz-Vilches (2012) | Spain (Almería) | Hospital, obstetrics visit | Pregnant women born in LA | -- | 261 | 1.5 | 2007–2011 | ELISA & IFA | none |
| Paricio-Talayero (2008) | Spain (Valencia) | Hospital, birth | Pregnant women born in LA | Mean 28.3 (SD: 5.8) | 624 | 4.6 | 2005–2007 | IP | IFI & PCR |
| Piron (2008) | Spain (Catalonia) | Blood bank | Blood donors born in LA | Mean 35 (SD: 10.7) | 1524 | 0.7 | 2005–2006 | PaGIA & ELISA | ELISA (2) |
| Ramos (2012a) | Spain (Elche) | Hospital, fetal pathophysiology unit | Pregnant women born in LA | Median 28.9 (range:16–45) | 545 | 1.3 | 2006–2010 | ELISA & IIF (x2) | PCR |
| Ramos (2012b) | Spain (Elche) | Community | Paraguayan and Bolivian immigrants | Median 30 | 73a 128b |
9.6a 4.7b |
2006–2010 | IP & ELISA | ELISA (2) & PCR |
| Roca (2011) | Spain (Barcelona) | Health center | LA patients >14yo | Without CD: 36.4 (SD:12.2) With: 39.86 (9.88) |
766 | 2.9 | 2007–2009 | ICT | ELISA (2) |
| Santiago (2012) | Spain (Madrid) | Tertiary hospital* | Pregnant women born in LA | -- | 265 | 4.9 | 2007–2008 | ChLIA | none |
| Soriano (2009) | Spain (Barcelona) | Health center, pediatric department | LA women 15–45yo | Mean 30 (range:14–45) | 116* | 4.3 | 2006–2007 | ICT | ELISA (2) |
| Other European Countries | |||||||||
| El Ghouzzi (2010) | France | Blood bank | Blood donors born in LA | -- | 972* | 0.3 | 2007–2008 | ELISA & bioELISA (x2) | IFA |
| Jackson (2010) | Switzerland (Geneva) | Primary care facility or 2 Latino churches | LA migrants (excluded <16yo, pregnant women) | Mean 37.2 (SD=11.3) | 1,012 | 12.8 | 2008 | ELISA (2) (x2) | ELISA & IFA external check |
| Jackson (2009) | Switzerland (Geneva) | Prenatal care visits* | Undocumented pregnant LA women | Median 30 (range 20–43) | 72 | 9.7 | 2006 | IFA | none |
| Lescure (2009) | France (Ile-de-France) | South American community | Volunteers | Median 33 (11–63) | 254 | 20.1 | 2008–2009 | IFA | ELISA (2–3x) & |
| Martinez de Tejada (2009) | Switzerland (Geneva) | Hospital, obstetrics visit | Pregnant women born in LA | Mean 30.4 (SD 5.7) | 305 | 2.0 | 2008 | IF | IF |
| Americas | |||||||||
| Custer (2012) | United States | BSI blood donation centers* | Blood donors born in LA | -- | 31,615 | 0.2 | 2007–2009 | ELISA (x2) | RIPA |
| Edwards (2014) | United States | Hospital, birth | LA pregnant women | -- | 3,090 | 0.3 | 2011–2012 | ELISA | IB & IFA |
| O’Brien (2013) | Canada | Canadian Blood Services* | Blood donors born in LA | -- | 3,675 | 0.3 | 2010–2011 | ChLIA | IB, PCR & RIPA |
| Steele (2007) | Canada | Community, clinics | LA refugees and immigrants | -- | 102 | 1.0 | -- | EIA (x2) | IFA |
| Luitgards-Moura (2005) | Brazil (Roraima) | Community and State blood bank* | Roraima agricultural settlers or blood donors | -- | 1,239 | 1.6 | 2000–2001 1997–2001 |
IIF or ELISA/IHA | IIF & ELISA |
*
Retrospective
Abbreviations: ChLIA: chemiluminescent immunoassay; EIA: enzyme immunoassay; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IC: immunochromatographic assay; IB: immunoblot; IF: immunofluorescence; IFA: indirect fluorescent antibody test; IHA: indirect hemagglutination; IIF: indirect immunofluorescence; IP: Immunopreciptation; LA: Latin American; PaGIA: particle gel immunoassay; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; RIPA: radioimmunoprecipitation; WB: western blot; (x2): test repeated if reactive or inconclusive; (2): two tests were run simultaneously
a
Bolivian subset
b
Paraguayan subset