| Clinical events (validated and adjudicated) |
Coronary heart disease: myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency, angina, coronary heart disease death, sudden coronary disease death, coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography Heart failure Stroke, transient ischaemic attack Peripheral arterial disease: intermittent claudication, lower extremity revascularization Atrial fibrillation, electrophysiology procedures Dementia (Alzheimer’s disease, vascular) Mild cognitive impairment Cancer
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| Subclinical disease (most measures repeated) |
Ultrasound carotid intima-media thickness and carotid stenosis Brachial reactivity/endothelial function Tonometry: arterial stiffness and peripheral arterial tonometry Echocardiographic structure and function (e.g. left ventricular mass) CT: coronary artery calcium, abdominal aortic calcium, mitral and aortic valve calcium Cardiac MRI: cardiac structure, cardiac index, aortic arch plaque Ankle-brachial index Walk test: low-level exercise test Brain MRI: including grey, white, lobar/deep volumes, infarcts, microbleeds, white-matter hyperintensities, fractional anisotropy, regional brain volumes
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| Pulmonary disease and sleep traits (pulmonary function test data available on multiple examinations) |
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| Traditional risk factors (directly measured) |
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure Fasting blood glucose, haemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin Fasting lipids
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| Anthropometry (directly measured) |
Height, weight, body mass index Waist, hip, thigh, neck circumference CT measures of regional adipose tissue depots: subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, pericardial fat, perithoracic fat Body percent fat (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)
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| Lifestyle |
Diet: Willet food frequency questionnaire (calories, supplements) Smoking Exercise (self-report, objective measurement with accelerometry) Alcohol intake
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| Measures of function |
Physical function and mobility Performance: hand grip, walking speed Cognitive function (global and multiple domains) Depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) Social network
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| Medications |
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| Medicare data |
Centers for Medicareand Medicaid Services data since 1991 including International Classification of Diseases codes, charges, medications, procedures on individuals aged ≥ 65 years enrolled in fee for service
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| Bone health |
Fractures, osteoporosis Osteoarthritis
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| Circulating and urine biomarkers |
| Renal function |
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| Inflammatory marker panel |
Acute phase reactants: C-reactive protein Cytokines: interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, tumour necrosis factor receptor 2, osteoprotegerin Selectins: P-selectin, CD40 ligand Cell adhesion: intercellular adhesion molecule Chemokines: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 Oxidative stress: myeloperoxidase, isoprostanes Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and activity
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| Markers of haemostasis, thrombosis |
Fibrinogen, factor VIIIc, von Willebrand factor, D-dimer, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, platelet reactivity |
| Markers of myocardial injury |
Troponin I, growth differentiation factor-15, ST-2, brain natriuretic peptide, N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide |
| Adipokines |
Leptin, leptin receptor α-fetuin, resistin, ghrelin Retinol binding protein-4 Fatty acid binding protein-4 Adiponectin
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| Growth factors |
Insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, vascular endothelial growth factor angiopoietin-2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor
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| Molecules interacting with vessel wall and platelets |
Matrix remodelling markers: matrix metalloproteinase-9, matrix metalloproteinase-3, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen Plasma homocysteine, asymmetric dimethylarginine
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| Markers of brain injury |
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| Lipid subfractions |
Lipoprotein(a), apoliproteins A1, B48, B100, CI, CII, E, H, J
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| Hormones and vitamins |
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway Thyroid function (e.g. thyroid-stimulating hormone) Sex steroid hormones Vitamin D, folate, B12, B6, Vitamin E
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