Table 5.

Effectiveness of interventions involving allied health professionals (including collaborative care): summary of evidence from reviews and meta-analyses

Type of Intervention [Review/Meta-analysis]	Effects on Adherence	Effects on Blood Pressure
Nurse- and pharmacist-led  care [Glynn et al,65 2010]	• Not assessed	• Mean difference SBP,  range: −13 mm Hg to  0 mm Hg • Mean difference DBP,  range: −8 mm Hg to 0 mm  Hg
Pharmacist interventions [Morgado et al,66 2011]	• 44% of interventions  increased adherence	• WMD SBP: −4.9 mm Hg,  95% CI −5.8 to −4.0 • WMD DBP: −2.6 mm Hg,  95% CI −3.5 to −1.7
Pharmacist-delivered face-to-  face education;  collaborative care [Viswanathan et al,54 2012]a	• Pharmacist-delivered edu-  cation: low strength evi-  dence of benefit • Collaborative care: low  strength evidence of no  benefit	• Pharmacist-delivered edu-  cation: decreased SBP and  DBP (mean decrease not  specified)
Multiprofessional  informational, behavioral,  and combined strategies [Mansoor et al,69 2013]a	• Few informational or com-  bined interventions  improved adherence • All behavioral interven-  tions improved adherence	• Most informational or  combined interventions  improved health out-  comes, including BP • All behavioral interven-  tions improved health out-  comes, including BP
Team-based care  interventions [Proia et al,68 2014]	• Insufficient information  provided	• Median effect estimate  SBP: −5.4 mm Hg, 95% CI  −7.2 to −2.0 • Median effect estimate  DBP: −1.8 mm Hg, 95% CI  −3.2 to 0.7
Pharmacist-led interventions [Cheema et al,64 2014]	• OR (improved  adherence) = 12.1,  95% CI 4.2–34.6	• WMD SBP: −6.1 mm Hg,  95% CI −8.4 to −3.8 • WMD DBP: −2.5 mm Hg,  95% CI −3.5 to −1.6
Pharmacist interventions [Santschi et al,67 2014]	• Not assessed	• WMD SBP: −7.6 mm Hg,  95% CI −9.0 to −6.3 • WMD DBP: −3.9 mm Hg,  95% CI −5.1 to −2.8
Pharmacist-delivered  interventions; increased  integration of care [Conn et al,11 2015]	• Pharmacist-delivered inter-  vention (d = 0.356) vs not  delivered by pharmacist  (d = 0.277) (P = .327) • Studies that increased  integration across pro-  viders (d = 0.185) vs studies  without integration  (d = 0.344) (P = .021)	Not assessed
Pharmacist, nurse, and  physician interventionist [Conn et al,55 2016]	• Not assessed	• SBP  ○ Pharmacist d = 0.317   (P<.001)  ○ Nurse, advanced practice   d = 0.298 (P = .001)  ○ Physician d = 0.218   (P<.001)  ○ Nurse, not advanced   practice d = 0.142   (P = .089) • DBP  ○ Pharmacist d = 0.235   (P<.001)  ○ Nurse, advanced practice   d = 0.224 (P = .030)  ○ Physician d = 0.199   (P<.001)  ○ Nurse, not advanced   practice d = 0.149   (P = .101)

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.

^aSpecific data not reported in source