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(A) A customized fixture for positioning the test tube at focal point. (B) Time-domain waveforms at the focal distance (12.3 mm) and ±3 mm away (along the axial direction) from the focal distance. (C) Characterized pressure output amplitudes versus laser energy. Actual pressure outputs at the focal distance are indirectly determined in accordance with the measured pressure outputs at 3 mm away. Data represents mean ± SD (n = 3).
