Table 2.
Craving, Depression, Anxiety, and Anhedonia
| Number of patients | NI+OP | 102 | 96 | 83 | 76 | 54 | |
| PI+ON | 102 | 65 | 46 | 32 | 16 | ||
| PI+OP | 102 | 50 | 32 | 28 | 11 | ||
| RATING SCALES | Medication groups | Psychometric data (by weeks of medication) | |||||
| 0 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 24 | |||
|
Craving for opiates M±SEM |
NI+OP | 3.05±0.28 | 1.09±0.20* | 1.01±0.19* | 0.70±0.17* | 0.33±0.19* | Mixed ANOVA Main Time effect F4.750=44.71; P=<. 01 |
| PI+ON | 3.30±0.28 | 1.25±0.28* | 0.50±0.13* | 1.07±0.37* | 0.29±0.11* | ||
| PI+OP | 3.18±0.28 | 1.15±0.25* | 0.70±0.21* | 0.53±0.20* | 1.09±0.84* | ||
|
Beck depression scale M±SEM |
NI+OP | 18.76±0.91 | 8.91±0.72* | 7.03±0.80* | 5.28±0.73* | 2.80±0.49* | Mixed ANOVA Main Time effect F4.750=161.80; P=<. 01 |
| PI+ON | 19.92±0.80 | 9.62±1.06* | 6.45±1.16* | 7.62±1.45* | 6.11±2.03* | ||
| PI+OP | 20.76±0.83 | 8.50±1.05* | 6.32±1.33* | 5.00±1.17* | 1.50±0.73* | ||
|
Spielberger state anxiety scale M±SEM |
NI+OP | 46.4±1.06 | 40.9±1.45* | 38.7±1.32* | 36.1±1.17* | 34.4±1.34* | Mixed ANOVA Main Time effect F4.750=30.82; P=<. 01 |
| PI+ON | 47.0±0.90 | 42.2±1.61* | 39.7±1.64* | 40.6±1.87* | 38.8±2.14* | ||
| PI+OP | 48.6±1.00 | 40.9±1.64* | 36.5±1.74* | 38.6±1.91* | 36.6±3.82* | ||
|
Spielberger trait anxiety scale M±SEM |
NI+OP | 48.0±0.99 | 43.1±1.03* | 40.1±0.94* | 39.4±0.89* | 37.7±0.93* | Mixed ANOVA Main Time effect F4.750=31.88; P=<. 01 |
| PI+ON | 48.2±0.91 | 44.3±1.46* | 38.6±1.30* | 41.4±1.52* | 40.3±1.47* | ||
| PI+OP | 48.5±0.87 | 41.5±1.27* | 41.3±1.79* | 39.0±1.73* | 39.2±2.27* | ||
|
Lack of Pleasure (Ferguson Anhedonia Scale) M±SEM Me (min-max) |
NI+OP | 1.00±0.10 1 (0-4) |
0.60±0.10 0 (0-3) + |
0.23±0.47 0 (0-1) + |
0.13±0.05 0 (0-2) + |
0.07±0.45 0 (0-2) + |
Fridman Test P=<. 01 |
| PI+ON | 1.12±0.10 1 (0-4) |
0.67±0.14 0 (0-3) + |
0.35±0.10 0 (0-2) + |
0.28±0.10 0 (0-2) + |
0.06±0.56 0 (0-2) + |
Fridman Test P=<. 01 |
|
| PI+OP | 1.20±0.10 1 (0-4) |
0.48±0.11 0 (0-4) + |
0.19±0.86 0 (0-2) + |
0.17±0.08 0 (0-1) + |
0 0 (0-0) + |
Fridman Test P=<. 01 | |
|
Lack of Interest (Ferguson Anhedonia Scale) M±SEM Me (min-max) |
NI+OP | 1.15±0.96 1 (0-4) |
0.56±0.10 0 (0-3) + |
0.33±0.59 0 (0-2) + |
0.20±0.59 0 (0-2) + |
0.06±0.41 0 (0-2) + |
Fridman Test P=0.06 |
| PI+ON | 1.24±0.10 1 (0-4) |
0.70±0.13 0 (0-4) + |
0.41±0.96 0 (0-3) + |
0.33±0.98 0 (0-2) + |
0.06±0.56 0 (0-1) + |
Fridman Test P=0.04 |
|
| PI+OP | 1.43±0.117 1 (0-4) |
0.39±0.081 0 (0-3) + |
0.23±0.089 0 (0-2) + |
0.26±0.113 0 (0-2) + |
0 0 (0-0) + |
Fridman Test P=<. 0001 |
|
|
Physical Anhedonia (Chapman scale) M±SEM |
NI+OP | 28.9±1.39 | 26.3±1.51* | 26.7±1.66* | Mixed ANOVA Main Time effect F2.210=30.13; P=<. 01 |
||
| PI+ON | 27.7±1.34 | 21.8±2.13* | 19.6±1.96* | ||||
| PI+OP | 26.4±1.26 | 23.3±2.92* | 14.6±2.96* | ||||
|
Social Anhedonia (Chapman scale) M±SEM |
NI+OP | 20.4±0.90 | 18.4±0.96* | 18.6±1.15* | Mixed ANOVA Main Time effect F2.210=14.03; P=<. 01 |
||
| PI+ON | 19.4±0.95 | 17.2±1.63* | 15.8±2.93* | ||||
| PI+OP | 18.1±0.86 | 16.1±1.79* | 14.3±2.44* | ||||
Notes: 1.Statistical significance of differences between psychometrics at intake (0 month) and further assessments (Mixed ANOVA Main Time effect. Tukey test for post hoc comparisons):
*
p<0.01.
Main Group effects and interaction Time*Group effects for all variables are non-significant.
2. Statistical significance of differences between psychometrics at intake (0 month) and further assessments (Fridman Test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for post hoc comparisons):
+
p<0.05.
Mann–Whitney U test Between Group comparisons at all time points are non-significant.
3. The means are the means for all patients with data at a given time point.