Table 1. Biomarkers of early stage lung cancer risk, diagnosis and prognosis.
| Specimen | Training set | Validation set | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prognostic (Case Studies) | ||||
| mRNA-4gene | RNA (frozen tissue) | Japan (n=149) | NCI-MD/Norway (n=67) | [43, 44] |
| miRNA | RNA (frozen tissue) | Japan (n=149) | NCI-MD/Norway (n=67) | [42, 43] |
| Methylation | DNA (frozen tissue) | NCI-MD/Norway (n=99) | Japan (n=113) | [45] |
| Metabolomic | Urine | NCI-MD (n=469) | Study ongoing | [38] |
| Cytokine | Serum | NCI-MD (n=67) | PLCOa (n=548) | [34, 36] |
| Diagnostic (Case-Control Studies) | ||||
| Metabolomic | Urine | NCI-MD (n=1,005) | SCCSb (n=534) | [38, 39] |
| Cytokine | Serum | NCI-MD (n=566) | PLCOc (n=1127) | [35, 37] |
| Risk (Prospective Studies) | ||||
| Metabolomic | Urine | SCCS (n=534) | [39] | |
| Cytokine | Serum | PLCOc (n=1127) | [35, 37] | |
a
Case series nested within prospective Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.
b
Case-control series nested within prospective Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS).
c
Case-control series nested within PLCO Cancer Screening Trial.