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. 2016 Dec 15;10:575. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00575

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Copyright © 2016 Nishijima and Tomiyama.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic diagram showing metabolism and uptake of levodopa-derived dopamine. Levodopa therapy is usually combined with a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa or benserazide) in order to minimize peripheral conversion of levodopa. 3-MT, 3-methoxytyramine; 3-OMD, 3-O-methyldopa; AADC, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase; ALD.DH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; BBB, blood–brain barrier; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; DAT, dopamine transporter; DCI, dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor; DOPAC, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; HVA, homovanillic acid; MAO, monoamine oxidase; NET, norepinephrine transporter, noradrenaline transporter; OCT-3, organic cation transporter-3; PMAT, plasma membrane monoamine transporter; SERT, serotonin transporter.