Table 3.
Standardized factor loading for the six competing models
| DSM-5 symptom | DSM-5 | DSM-5 Dysphoria | DSM-5 Dysphoric arousal | Externalizing behaviours | Anhedonia | Hybrid |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Intrusive thoughts | 0.80 (I) | 0.80 (I) | 0.80 (I) | 0.80 (I) | 0.80 (I) | 0.80 (I) |
| 2. Nightmares | 0.62 (I) | 0.62 (I) | 0.62 (I) | 0.62 (I) | 0.62 (I) | 0.62 (I) |
| 3. Flashbacks | 0.72 (I) | 0.71 (I) | 0.72 (I) | 0.72 (I) | 0.72 (I) | 0.72 (I) |
| 4. Emotional cue reactivity | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) |
| 5. Physiological cue reactivity | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) | 0.81 (I) |
| 6. Avoidance of thoughts | 0.77 (A) | 0.78 (A) | 0.77 (A) | 0.77 (A) | 0.79 (A) | 0.79 (A) |
| 7. Avoidance of reminders | 0.76 (A) | 0.75 (A) | 0.76 (A) | 0.76 (A) | 0.74 (A) | 0.74 (A) |
| 8. Trauma-related amnesia | 0.34 (NACM) | 0.32 (D) | 0.34 (NACM) | 0.35 (NACM) | 0.33 (NACM) | 0.35 (NA) |
| 9. Negative beliefs | 0.59 (NACM) | 0.57 (D) | 0.57 (NACM) | 0.58 (NACM) | 0.61 (NACM) | 0.60 (NA) |
| 10. Blame of self or others | 0.36 (NACM) | 0.35 (D) | 0.36 (NACM) | 0.37 (NACM) | 0.37 (NACM) | 0.38 (NA) |
| 11. Negative trauma-related emotions | 0.69 (NACM) | 0.68 (D) | 0.68 (NACM) | 0.68 (NACM) | 0.72 (NACM) | 0.70 (NA) |
| 12. Loss of interest | 0.67 (NACM) | 0.69 (D) | 0.68 (NACM) | 0.67 (NACM) | 0.72 (An) | 0.72 (An) |
| 13. Detachment | 0.64 (NACM) | 0.63 (D) | 0.64 (NACM) | 0.65 (NACM) | 0.66 (An) | 0.66 (An) |
| 14. Restricted affect | 0.71 (NACM) | 0.70 (D) | 0.71 (NACM) | 0.71 (NACM) | 0.75 (An) | 0.75 (An) |
| 15. Irritability | 0.64 (AAR) | 0.67 (D) | 0.68 (DA) | 0.73 (EB) | 0.67 (DA) | 0.72 (EB) |
| 16. Self-destructive/reckless behaviour | 0.31 (AAR) | 0.25 (AAR) | 0.33 (DA) | 0.37 (EB) | 0.32 (DA) | 0.38 (EB) |
| 17. Hypervigilance | 0.67 (AAR) | 0.77 (AAR) | 0.78 (AA) | 0.78 (AA) | 0.78 (AA) | 0.79 (AA) |
| 18. Exaggerated startle response | 0.64 (AAR) | 0.75 (AAR) | 0.76 (AA) | 0.76 (AA) | 0.76 (AA) | 0.76 (AA) |
| 19. Difficulty concentrating | 0.63 (AAR) | 0.65 (D) | 0.66 (DA) | 0.65 (DA) | 0.67 (DA) | 0.65 (DA) |
| 20. Sleep disturbance | 0.68 (AAR) | 0.66 (D) | 0.68 (DA) | 0.70 (DA) | 0.68 (DA) | 0.70 (DA) |
I, intrusion; A, avoidance; NACM, negative alterations in cognition and mood; AAR, alterations in arousal and reactivity; D, dysphoria; DA, dysphoric arousal; AA, anxious arousal; EB, externalizing behaviours; An, anhedonia; NA, negative affect.