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. 2016 Dec 15;7:1984. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01984

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Copyright © 2016 Aziz, Pandey, Barman and Prasad.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparative analysis of antifungal efficacy of M. hiemalis-derived AgNP. (A) Zone of inhibition measured against three fungal pathogens: Candida albicans (Ca), Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), Aspergillus flavus (Af); (B) Measurements of the antifungal activity of AgNPs (NP) at 15, 30, 45, and 60 μg/ml concentration against the three pathogens; and (C) Effect of biologically synthesized AgNPs and fungicides [amphotericin B (A), fluconazole (F), and ketoconazole (K)] used singly and in combination against the pathogenic fungi. All measurements were performed for a constant AgNP concentration of 30 μg/ml for commercial fungicides. DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) (D) and fungal extract (FE) were employed as negative controls. Experiments were performed in triplicates; mean ± SD are shown, the asterisk (^∗) above the error bar represents statistically significant differences between the action of the biogenic NPs and the control group (p-value < 0.05).