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. 2016 Dec 15;7:1997. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01997

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Copyright © 2016 Nagpal, Tsuji, Takahashi, Kawashima, Nagata, Nomoto and Yamashiro.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Differences in the detection rate of Lactobacillus genus, subgroups and species between vaginally- and cesarean-born babies at different time-points during the first 3 years of life. Detection rate (%) was expressed as the percentage of infants in which the specific bacterium was detected. The count of genus Lactobacillus was expressed as the sum of the counts of six subgroups (L. casei subgroup, L. gasseri subgroup, L. plantarum subgroup, L. reuteri subgroup, L. ruminis subgroup, and L. sakei subgroup) and two species (L. brevis, L. fermentum). ^∗P < 0.05 vs. vaginally-born at same-point (Fisher’s exact test). Age (x-axis): 1, 3, and 7 days, 1, 3, and 6 months, 3 years.