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. 2016 Dec 15;7:2015. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02015

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Copyright © 2016 Hanafi, Lee, Loke, Teh, Shaari, Dinarvand, Lehours, Mégraud, Leow, Vadivelu and Goh.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Amino acid sequences of levofloxacin resistance-associated gene regions: (A) gyrA, (B) gyrB, and metronidazole resistance-associated gene regions: (C) rdxA, (D) frxA of H. pylori strains. gyrA and gyrB sequences were compared to UM038 strain (positive gyrA mutation), and rdxA and frxA sequences were compared to a reference strain, 26695. Positions of expected mutations associated with levofloxacin are in box outlines, and positions of variations of mutation in either antibiotic-resistant strains are in gray boxes.