. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Aug 31;49:92–105. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003

Table 2.

Association Between Traumatic Life Events and Psychiatric Disorders Comorbid With Psychosis

Author	Study Design	Age; Type of TLE Assessed	Psychiatric Outcome	Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Cutajar et al., 2010b	Prospective, General population	≤16 year old; sexual abuse	Psychotic Disorders	2.13 (1.44–3.17)^*
			Affective Disorders	2.07 (1.59–2.70)^*
			Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	5.56 (3.44–8.99)^*
			Other Anxiety Disorders	2.67 (1.97–3.61)^*
			Alcohol Abuse	5.88 (3.26–10.63)^*
			Drug Abuse	5.94 (3.68–9.58)^*
			Borderline Personality Disorder	6.07 (2.87–12.85)^*
Spauwen et al., 2006	Prospective, General population	14–24 years old; any trauma (physical threat, rape, sexual abuse, natural catastrophe, serious accident, imprisoned or kidnapped, terrible event to other)	Broadly Defined Positive Psychotic Symptoms	1.07 (0.82–1.40)^*
			Narrowly Defined Positive Psychotic Symptoms	1.89 (1.16–3.08)^*
			Bipolar Disorder	0.40 (0.10–1.57)
			Major Depression	1.16 (0.79–1.71)
Schurhoff et al., 2009	Cross sectional, case control	≥18; any trauma (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, physical and emotional neglect)	Schizophrenia First Degree Relatives	3.60 (1.09–11.80)^*
Schurhoff et al., 2009	Cross sectional, case control		Bipolar First Degree Relatives	1.64 (0.57–4.72)
Matheson et al., 2012	meta- analysis (cohort, case-control, and cross- sectional studies)	<18 years old; physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect	Schizophrenia vs. Non-Psychiatric Controls	3.60 (2.08–6.23)^*
			Schizophrenia vs. Affective Psychosis	1.23 (0.77–1.97)
			Schizophrenia vs. Anxiety Disorders	2.54 (1.29–5.01)^*
			Schizophrenia vs. Depressive Disorder	1.37 (0.53–3.49)
			Schizophrenia vs. Dissociative Disorders & PTSD (sexual abuse only)	0.03 (0.01–0.15)
			Schizophrenia vs. Other Psychoses	0.69 (0.28–1.68)
			Schizophrenia vs. Personality Disorders (sexual abuse only)	0.65 (0.09–4.71)
Rubino et al., 2009	Cross sectional, case-control	>18 years old; any abuse (emotional, psychological, physical, and sexual abuse)	Schizophrenia vs. Non-Psychiatric Controls	6.57 (3.48–12.39)^*
Rubino et al., 2009	Cross sectional, case-control		Schizophrenia vs. Depressive Disorder	3.24 (1.93–5.45)^*
Harley et al., 2010	Cross sectional, general population	12–15 years old; any trauma (sexual abuse, physical abuse, exposure to domestic violence)	Cannabis Use	4.86 (1.63–14.51)^*⁺
Harley et al., 2010	Cross sectional, general population		Positive Psychotic Symptoms	6.16 (1.65–23.1)^*
Konings et al., 2012	Prospective, General population	18–64 (NEMESIS sample only); any abuse (emotional, physical, psychological, and sexual abuse)	Positive Psychotic Symptoms	1.96 (1.73–2.20)^*
			Positive Psychotic Symptoms Controlling for Cannabis Use	1.93 (1.71–2.18)^*
			Cannabis Use	1.57 (1.33–1.86)^*
van Nierop et al., 2014b	Cross sectional, general population	18–65 (NEMESIS- 2 sample only); any abuse (emotional neglect, physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse, and peer victimization)	≥1 Depression Symptom	1.21 (1.18–1.23)^*
			≥1 Anxiety Symptom	1.18 (1.16–1.21)^*
			≥1 Manic Symptom	1.19 (1.17–1.22)^*
			≥1 Psychotic Symptom	1.23 (1.20–1.26)^*

significant association;

⁺

only unadjusted odds ratio reported