Sterol biosynthetic pathway in higher plants. Arrows with dotted line represent several biosynthetic steps. Abbreviations: SMO, sterol 4α-methyl oxidase; CPI1, cyclopropylsterol isomerase1; CYP51, obtusifoliol 14 a-demethylase; CSD, 4α-carboxysterol-C-3-dehydrogenase/C4-decarboxylase; SKR, sterone ketoreductase; FACKEL, Δ8,14-sterol C-14-reductase; HYDRA1, Δ8-sterol 8,7-isomerase.