Fig 5. Proposed mechanisms by which flavonoid-rich Chardonnay grape seed flour (ChrSd) ameliorates high-fat (HF) diet-induced insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Supplementation with ChrSd lowers HF-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis and enhances leptin sensitivity, followed by lowered oxidative stress and inflammation via reduction of ROS and ceramide synthesis. The result is possible amelioration of HF-induced progression of NAFLD. ROS, reactive oxygen species.