Table 5.
Example studies of concentration of selected phenols in pregnant women, by location and study years
| Location | Study Years | N | Sample | Median concentration, μg/L
|
1st author, year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bisphenol A | Triclosan | |||||
| North America | ||||||
| US (NYC) | 1998–2002 | 404 | MU | 1.3 | 11.0 | Wolff, 2008 (239) |
|
| ||||||
| US (African American and Dominican women) | 1998–2006 | 568 | MU | 1.8 | Donohue, 2013 (240) | |
|
| ||||||
| US (California, Salinas) | 1999–2000 | 364 | MU | 1.3 μg/g Cr | Chevrier, 2012 (150) | |
|
| ||||||
| US (nationwide) | 2003–2004 | 86 | MU | 2.7 | 8.2 | Woodruff, 2011 (27) |
|
| ||||||
| US (Ohio) | 2003–2006 | 330–363 | MU | 1.9 μg/g Cr (16 gws, GM) | Spanier, 2012 (53) | |
| 2.2 μg/g Cr (26 gws, GM) | ||||||
| 2.0 μg/g Cr (birth, GM) | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| US (Michigan) | 2006 | 40 | MS | 5.9 | Padmanabhan, 2008 (241) | |
|
| ||||||
| US (New York) | 2007–2009 | 181 | MU | 7.22 μg/g Cr | Pycke, 2014 (242) | |
|
| ||||||
| Canada | 2008–2011 | ~2000 | MU | 0.9, SG-adj (K-M median) | Arbuckle, 2014 (243) | |
|
| ||||||
| Canada | 2008–2011 | 1699 | MU | 8.3 | Velez, 2015 (212) | |
|
| ||||||
| Canada (Ontario) | 2009–2011 | 80 | MU | MU: 25.3 | Arbuckle, 2015 (244) | |
|
| ||||||
| Canada (Ottawa) | 2009–2010 | 66 | MU | 1.1 | Fisher, 2015 (55) | |
|
| ||||||
| US (nationwide) | 2009–2010 | 506 | MU | 1.3 | 15.6 | Mortensen, 2014 (245) |
|
| ||||||
| US (California) | 2010–2012 | 85 | CS (mid-gestation) | 0.16 (GM) | Gerona, 2013 (102) | |
|
| ||||||
| Puerto Rico | 2010–2012 | 105 | MU | 2.5 | 26.2 | Meeker, 2013 (246) |
|
| ||||||
| Europe | ||||||
| France | 2003–2006 | 520 | MU | 2.5 | 30.0 | Philippat, 2014 (247) |
|
| ||||||
| Spain | 2004–2006 | 402 | MU | 2.4 μg/g Cr (1st Tri) | Valvi, 2013 (54) | |
| 2.0 μg/g Cr (3rd Tri) | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Spain | 2004–2008 | 120 | MU | 6.1 | Casas, 2011 (248) | |
|
| ||||||
| Greece (Crete) | 2007–2008 | 239 | MU | 1.1 μg/g Cr | Myridakis, 2015 (249) | |
|
| ||||||
| Denmark (Odense Municipality) | 2010–2012 | 200 | MU | 1.2 μg/g Cr | 0.6 μg/g Cr | Tefre de Renzy-Martin, 2014 (250) |
|
| ||||||
| Others | ||||||
| Mexico (Mexico City) | 2001–2003 | 60 | MU | 1.4 μg/g Cr | Cantonwine, 2010 (251) | |
|
| ||||||
| Taiwan | 2006–2007 | 97 | MP | MP: 2.5 (GM) | Chou, 2011 (106) | |
| CP | CP: 0.5 (GM) | |||||
|
| ||||||
| South Korea (Seoul) | 2007–2010 | 757 | MU | 1.6 μg/g Cr | Lee, 2014 (252) | |
|
| ||||||
| Western Australia | 2008–2011 | 24 | MU | 2.9 μg/g Cr | Callen, 2013 (253) | |
|
| ||||||
| China (Nanjing) | 2010–2012 | 567 | MU | 0.7 | Tang, 2013 (254) | |
CP: cord plasma; CS: cord serum; MP: maternal plasma; MU: maternal urine; SG-adj: specific gravity adjusted; K-M median: Kaplan-Meier median, censored method.
Note: If several studies included participants from the same cohort, the one with the largest sample size was included. This table is for illustrative purpose and should not be taken as an exhaustive list of relevant biomonitored studies.