Table 6.
Example studies of concentration of selected parabens in maternal urine of pregnant women, by location and study years
| Location | Study Years | N | Median concentration in maternal urine, μg/L
|
1st author, year | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butyl paraben | Methyl paraben | Propyl paraben | ||||
| North America | ||||||
| US (Boston) | 2005–2011 | 148 (1st Tri) | 1.1, SG-adj | 146.0, SG-adj | 39.9, SG-adj | Braun, 2014 (255) |
| 133 (2nd Tri) | 0.9, SG-adj | 141.0, SG-adj | 37.2, SG-adj | |||
| 97 (3rd Tri) | 0.8, SG-adj | 164.0, SG-adj | 31.8, SG-adj | |||
|
| ||||||
| US (nationwide) | 2009–2010 | 506 | 105.5 | 22.3 | Mortensen, 2014 (245) | |
|
| ||||||
| Puerto Rico | 2010–2012 | 105 | 0.4 | 153.0 | 36.7 | Meeker, 2013 (246) |
|
| ||||||
| Europe | ||||||
| France | 2003–2006 | 520 | 2.0 | 122.0 | 17.0 | Philippat, 2014 (247) |
|
| ||||||
| Spain | 2004–2008 | 120 | 2.4 | 191.0 | 29.8 | Casas, 2011 (248) |
|
| ||||||
| Greece (Crete) | 2007–2008 | 239 | 121.9 μg/g Cr | Myridakis, 2015 (249) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Denmark (Odense Municipality) | 2010–2012 | 200 | 20.5 μg/g Cr | Tefre de Renzy-Martin, 2014 (250) | ||
SG-adj: specific gravity adjusted.
Note: This table is for illustrative purpose and should not be taken as an exhaustive list of relevant biomonitored studies.