Table 7.
Example studies of concentration of selected phthalate metabolite in maternal urine of pregnant women, by location and study years
| Location | Study Years | N | Median MEP concentration in maternal urine, μg/L | 1st author, year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| North America | ||||
| US (NYC) | 1998–2002 | 404 | 380 | Miodovnik, 2011 (256) |
|
| ||||
| US | 1999–2002 | 180 | 126.4 | Sathyanarayana, 2014 (257) |
|
| ||||
| US | 2000–2004 | 50 | 68.7 μg/g Cr | Buckley, 2012 (258) |
|
| ||||
| US (nationwide) | 2003–2004 | 91 | 265.7 | Woodruff, 2011 (27) |
|
| ||||
| US (Boston) | 2005–2011 | 155 | 39.5 (1st Tri), SG-adj | Braun, 2014 (255) |
| 138 | 48.2 (2nd Tri), SG-adj | |||
| 98 | 55.1 (3rd Tri), SG-adj | |||
|
| ||||
| US (Massachusetts) | 2006–2008 | 482 | 134.0, SG-adj | Ferguson, 2014 (259) |
|
| ||||
| Canada | 2008–2011 | ~2000 | 31.0, SG-adj | Arbuckle, 2014 (243) |
|
| ||||
| Canada (Ottawa) | 2009–2010 | 66 | 27.0 | Fisher, 2015 (55) |
|
| ||||
| Puerto Rico | 2010–2012 | 139 | 99.2 | Cantonwine, 2014 (260) |
|
| ||||
| Europe | ||||
| France | 2002–2006 | 287 | 110.2 | Philippat, 2011 (261) |
|
| ||||
| Spain | 2004–2006 | 390 | 389.1 μg/g Cr | Casas, 2016 (262) |
|
| ||||
| Central Poland | 2007 | 150 | 22.7 μg/g Cr | Polanska, 2014 (263) |
|
| ||||
| Greece (Crete) | 2007–2008 | 239 | 132.6 μg/g Cr | Myridakis, 2015 (249) |
|
| ||||
| Sweden | 2008–2009 | 196 | 60.6 | Bornehag, 2015 (249) |
|
| ||||
| Denmark (Odense Municipality) | 2010–2012 | 200 | 18.9 μg/g Cr | Tefre de Renzy-Martin, 2014 (250) |
|
| ||||
| Spain | 2011–2012 | 118 | 150.8 μg/g Cr | Cutanda, 2015 (264) |
|
| ||||
| Others | ||||
| Mexico (Mexico City) | 1997–2003 | 135 | 138.0, SG-adj | Téllez-Rojo, 2013 (265) |
|
| ||||
| Taiwan | 2000–2001 | 252 (children loss-to-follow-up) | 61.4 μg/g Cr | Ku, 2015 (266) |
| 136 (children followed-up) | 65.2 μg/g Cr | |||
|
| ||||
| Peru (Trujillo) | 2004 | 78 | 67.4 μg/g Cr | Irvin, 2010 (267) |
|
| ||||
| Japan (Tokyo) | 2005–2008 | 149 | 7.7 μg/g Cr | Suzuki, 2010 (268) |
SG-adj: specific gravity adjusted.
Note: If several studies included participants from the same cohort, the one with the largest sample size was included. This table is for illustrative purpose and should not be taken as an exhaustive list of relevant biomonitored studies.