Table 1.

Summary of Studies

	Mental health study	Cardiovascular disease and stroke study	Arthritis study
Number of case studies	18	29	16
Unit of analysis for case studies	Bodies of coherent research defined in collaboration with the researchers involved	Individual research project grants	Mix of institute, project, programme and fellowship grants
Selection of case studies	Selected research that was considered promising at the time (using citation as a proxy for interest in the field)	Selected to include a mix of low and high impact case studies based on a survey of principal investigators	Selected to include a mix of mid and high impact research based on bibliometric analysis
Case study timing	Based on research conducted ~20 years ago	Based on research conducted ~15–20 years ago	Based on research conducted ~10 years ago
Scoring of case studies	Scored by a panel of experts in the field and policy makers and funders	Scored by members of the study team including all case study researchers	Scored by members of the study team including all case study researchers
Analysis of case studies	Analysis by five impact categories separately	Analysis by academic and wider impact groupings	Analysis by five impact categories separately