Table 1.

Risk factors, preexisting cardiac and kidney damage, organ interaction between heart and kidney, and predisposing conditions for worsening acute cardiac and renal injury and CI-AKI in SHRs which serve as a model of humans with preclinical CRS

	SHRs1	Humans2
Risk factors	Hypertension	Hypertension
	Obesity	Obesity
	Old age and male gender	Advanced age and male gender
Preexisting damage	Preexisting cardiac damage	Subclinical cardiac damage
	Preexisting renal damage	Subclinical renal damage
Organ interaction	Cardiac hypertrophy and coronary circulation dysfunction leading to renal damage	LVH and coronary circulation dysfunction leading to renal damage
	Renal glomerulosclerosis is associated with acute cardiac injury (myocyte necrosis and apoptosis)	Renal damage increases cardiovascular risk
Predisposing conditions	ED ↑	ED ↑
	ROS ↑	ROS ↑
	ADMA ↑	ADMA ↑
	NO ↓	NO ↓
	Bioavailability of NO ↓	Bioavailability of NO ↓
	L-arginine-NO pathway √	L-arginine-NO pathway √
	Insulin resistance ↑	Insulin resistance ↑

¹References: 14–20, 31.

²References: 10, 24–30.