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. 2016 Dec 16;6:39229. doi: 10.1038/srep39229

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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Oscillatory activity after word replay (dotted line in (B and F)) was analyzed for subsequently remembered and subsequently not remembered trials in the theta (5-8 Hz) and spindle band (12–15 Hz). NREM group (A–F): (A) Significant clusters of electrodes. (B) Time frequency plot for the overlap of significant electrodes of the theta and spindle cluster. Differences in power were analyzed in the time window 300–900 ms for theta and 800–1′200 ms for spindle activity. For both, spindle (C) and theta (E), power was significantly stronger for remembered as compared to not remembered trials (ΔdB). The increased power for both was significantly more pronounced in emotional as compared to neutral trials. The increase in spindle activity (D) after cueing of remembered (black dots) trials correlated significantly with improved memory performance in the cued recall test. The correlation was stronger for emotional (red dots) and did not reach significance for neutral trials (green dots). The cues of remembered trials were followed by more slow waves (F) as compared to not remembered trials (represented by zero). Within the remembered trials, slow waves occurred more often in emotional as compared to neutral trials. In the REM group (G–L), power in the theta band for remembered trials was increased for the same time and frequency window (H) over the same cluster as in the NREM group (G). The enhanced power the theta band (K) for stronger for remembered as compared with not remembered (ΔdB) and more pronounced in remembered neutral as compared with remembered emotional trials. Spindle power (I) did not differ between the conditions in the REM group, and the increase did correlate with memory performance (J). Only remembered emotional trials were followed by more slow waves (L) as compared to not remembered trials (represented by zero) and also more often compared to neutral trials. The slow wave score was created by first calculating the percentage of trials followed by a slow wave, separately for remembered emotional and neutral and not remembered trials. Following, the percentage for not remembered was subtracted from remembered trials. Values are means ± SEM. *,†P < 0.05, **,‡P < 0.01.