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. 2016 Dec 13;7:13849. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13849

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Predictions for the evolution of sex-specific virulence in two populations where the relative weight of vertical transmission is lower (a) (for example, the Caribbean where transmission through breast-feeding is low) and higher (b) (for example, Japan where transmission through breast-feeding is higher). Figures show how the difference in virulence between men and women is predicted to be greater in Japan than in the Caribbean.