Table 2.
Characteristics of the participants and associations with faecal carriage of resistant bacteria
| Characteristics | Participants (% of total) | Isolates with ESBL/AmpC production alone | Isolates with ciprofloxacin-non susceptibility alone | Isolates with both ESBL/AmpC and ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EAP (% within group) |
Non-EAP (% within group) |
p-value | CNS (% within group) |
Non-CNS (% within group) |
p-value | EAP + CNS (% within group) |
Non EAP + CNS (% within group) |
p-value | ||
| Gender (information missing for 8) | ||||||||||
| Female | 174 (61.3) | 11 (6.3) | 163 (93.6) | .746 | 11 (6.3) | 163 (93.6) | .375 | 5 (2.9) | 169 (97.1) | 1.0 |
| Male | 102 (35.9) | 4 (3.9) | 98 (96.1) | 11 (10.8) | 91 (89.2) | 3 (2.9) | 99 (97.1) | |||
| Age group (years; information missing for 3) | ||||||||||
| 18-29 | 53 (18.7) | 6 (2.1) | 47 (97.9) | .222 | 3 (5.7) | 50 (94.3) | .944 | 1 (1.9) | 52 (98.1) | .239 |
| 30-49 | 108 (38.0) | 4 (3.7) | 104 (96.3) | 8 (7.4) | 100 (92.6) | 1 (0.9) | 107 (99.1) | |||
| 50-64 | 76 (26.8) | 4 (5.3) | 72 (94.7) | 6 (7.9) | 70 (92.1) | 4 (5.3) | 72 (94.7) | |||
| 65-84 | 44 (15.5) | 1 (2.3) | 43 (97.7) | 4 (9.1) | 40 (90.9) | 2 (4.5) | 42 (95.5) | |||
| Geographic regions# visited last 3 months | ||||||||||
| Not travelled /travelled within Scandinavia | 194 (68.3) | 9 (4.6) | 185 (95.4) | 11 (5.7) | 183 (94.3) | 4 (2.1) | 190 (97.9) | |||
| Europe (outside Scandinavia) | 69 (24.3) | 2 (2.9) | 67 (97.1) | .002 | 6 (8.7) | 63 (91.3) | .040 | 2 (2.9) | 67 (97.1) | .145 |
| America | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | |||
| Eastern Mediterranean | 2 (0.7) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | |||
| South-East Asia | 4 (1.4) | 3 (75)** | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 3 (75) | 1 (25) | 3 (75) | |||
| Western Pacific | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | |||
| Africa | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | |||
| Multiple regions | 11 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 11 (100) | 3 (27.3)* | 8 (72.7) | 1 (0.9) | 10 (99.1) | |||
| Geographic regions# visited last 12 months | ||||||||||
| Not travelled /travelled within Scandinavia | 101 (35.6) | 5 (5.0) | 96 (95.0) | 8 (7.9) | 93 (92.1) | 1 (0.6) | 100 (99.4) | |||
| Europe (outside Scandinavia) | 133 (46.8) | 6 (4.5) | 127 (95.5) | .089 | 6 (4.5) | 127 (95.5) | .051 | 3 (2.3) | 130 (97.7) | .045 |
| America | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | |||
| Eastern Mediterranean | 2 (0.7) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | |||
| South-East Asia | 2 (0.7) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | 1 (50)* | 1 (50) | |||
| Western Pacific | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | |||
| Africa | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | |||
| Multiple regions | 43(15.1) | 2 (4.7) | 41(95.3) | 7 (16.3) | 36 (83.7) | 3 (7.0) | 40 (93.0) | |||
| Total | 284 (100) | 15 (5.3) | 269 (94.7) | 22 (7.7) | 262 (92.3) | 8 (2.8) | 276 (97.2) | |||
EAP = ESBL-or AmpC-producing, CNS = ciprofloxacin non-susceptible. Significant p-values are given in bold. Carriers of multiple isolates are represented one time per isolate if the isolates belong to different resistance groups, and percentage in the table may thus deviate from percentage presented in the text. E.g. both ciprofloxacin non-susceptible isolates and AmpC-producing ciprofloxacin non-susceptible isolates were recovered from two subjects, whereas both an ESBL-producing isolate and an AmpC-producing ciprofloxacin non-susceptible isolate were obtained from a third subject. Consequently, the first two subjects are represented both in the CNS and the EAP + CNS columns, while the third subject is represented both in the EAP and the EAP + CNS columns
#WHO regions
*Significantly different from the Not travelled/travelled within Scandinavia group, which was treated as a reference (p < 0.05)
**Significantly different from the Not traveled/travelled within Scandinavia group, which was treated as a reference (p < 0.005)