Table 3.
Baseline characteristic in propensity score-matched patients with severe trauma*
| REBOA (n = 152) | ACC (n = 152) | SD | P value | Missing | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.8 ± 21.0 | 54.8 ± 22.1 | 0.09 | 0.421 | 0 |
| Gender (male) | 111/152 (73%) | 101/152(66%) | 0.14 | 0.261 | 0 |
| Mechanism of injury (blunt vs. penetrating) | 142/152 (93%) | 141/152(93%) | 0.03 | 1.000 | 0 |
| Cause of injury | 0.726 | 0 | |||
| Accident | 104 (68%) | 109 (72%) | 0.07 | ||
| Suicide | 28 (18%) | 29 (19%) | 0.02 | ||
| Assault | 6 (3.9%) | 5 (3.3%) | 0.04 | ||
| Workplace injuries | 14(92%) | 9 (5.9%) | 0.13 | ||
| Other | 0(0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.00 | ||
| Transport type | 0.542 | 0 | |||
| Ambulance | 124/152 (82%) | 123/152(81%) | 0.02 | ||
| Ambulance with physician | 6/152 (3.9%) | 10/152 (6.6%) | 0.12 | ||
| Helicopter with physician | 22/152 (15%) | 19/152 (13%) | 0.06 | ||
| Other | 0/152 (0%) | 0/152(0%) | 0.00 | ||
| Vital signs at emergency department | |||||
| GCS value | 8(10) | 8(10) | 0.02 | 0.909 | 0 |
| SBP | 77.5 (64) | 73.5 (64) | 0.02 | 0.421 | 0 |
| HR | 108.0 (39) | 109.5(52) | 0.05 | 0.687 | 0 |
| RR | 25 (10) | 24 (14) | 0.08 | 0.499 | 0 |
| RTS | 4.8 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 2.1 | 0.631 | 0 | |
| ISS | 34 (23) | 36 (20) | 0.11 | 0.341 | 0 |
| TRISS (probability of survival) | 0.45 ± 0.35 | 0.39 ± 0.31 | 0.115 | 0 | |
| Prehospital treatment | |||||
| Airway protection maneuver | 12/152 (7.9%) | 11/152 (7.2%) | 0.03 | 1.000 | 0 |
| Intubation | 9/152 (5.9%) | 13/152 (8.6%) | 0.10 | 0.508 | 0 |
| Intravenous fluid | 9/152 (5.9%) | 14/152 (9.2%) | 0.13 | 0.386 | 0 |
| FAST | 0.232 | 6 | |||
| Positive | 91/148 (62%) | 78/150(52%) | |||
| Negative | 52/148 (35%) | 64/150(43%) | |||
| Not conducted | 5/148 (3.4%) | 8/150 (5.3%) | |||
| Blood transfusion | 135/152 (89%) | 121/152(80%) | 0.04 | 0 | |
| AIS | 0 | ||||
| Head | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 0.047 | ||
| Face | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.036 | ||
| Neck | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.846 | ||
| Thorax | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | ||
| Abdomen and pelvis | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 0.112 | ||
| Spine | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 0.812 | ||
| Upper extremity | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.833 | ||
| Lower extremity | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 0.904 | ||
| Other | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.172 | ||
| Operation at initial evaluation | |||||
| Craniotomy | 3/152 (2.0%) | 0/152(0%) | 0.248 | 0 | |
| Craterization | 4/152 (2.6%) | 1/152 (0.7%) | 0.371 | 0 | |
| Thoracotomy | 20/152 (13%) | 92/152(61%) | <0.001 | 0 | |
| Laparotomy | 79/152 (52%) | 68/152(45%) | 0.251 | 0 | |
| Angiography | |||||
| Chest | 2/152 (1.3%) | 5/152 (3.3%) | 0.448 | 0 | |
| Abdomen | 27/152 (18%) | 10/152 (6.6%) | 0.004 | 0 | |
| Pelvis | 33/152 (22%) | 15/152 (9.9%) | 0.007 | 0 | |
| TAE (all) | 29/152 (19%) | 11/152 (7.2%) | 0.004 | 0 | |
| CPR | |||||
| ERT with CPR | 20/152 (13%) | 125/152 (82%) | <0.001 | 0 | |
| Closed CPR | 33/152 (22%) | 53/152(35%) | 0.015 | 0 | |
All categorical variables are shown as n (%); continuous variables are shown as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile)
ACC aortic cross-clamping, AIS Abbreviated Injury Score, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ERT Emergency resuscitative thoracotomy, FAST Focused assessment with sonography for trauma, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, HR heart rate, ISS Injury Severity Score, REBOA resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta, RR Respiratory rate, RTS revised trauma score, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standardized difference, TAE trans-catheter arterial embolization, TRISS trauma and injury severity score
*The covariates used to estimate the propensity score were age, gender, mechanism of injury, cause of injury, transport type, prehospital treatment, vital signs at the emergency department, and ISS