Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of control participants and participants with conduct problems
| Participant characteristics | Healthy controls (n = 21) | Conduct problems (n = 26) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variable, mean (S.D.) | |||
| Male:female ratio | 12:9 | 13:13 | 0.77 |
| Age, years | 13.55 (2.32) | 15.05 (2.67) | <0.05a |
| IQb | 110.38 (14.90) | 98.19 (11.34) | <0.005a |
| Race | |||
| White | 11 | 9 | >0.05a |
| Black or African American | 9 | 16 | |
| Asian | 1 | 1 | |
| Behavioral measures, mean (S.D.) | |||
| Externalizing behavior (CBCL) | 42.86 (8.33) | 73.04 (5.02) | <0.001a |
| Internalizing behavior (CBCL) | 46.95 (10.63) | 64.46 (12.35) | <0.001a |
| Attention problems, raw score (CBCL) | 2.43 (2.69) | 10.00 (4.50) | <0.001a |
| Callous-unemotional traits (ICU) | 25.38 (6.70) | 44.54 (9.42) | <0.001a |
| Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) – conduct problems subscale |
0.81 (1.03) | 6.35 (1.44) | <0.001a |
| Reactive aggressionc | 4.86 (3.88) | 12.90 (4.60) | <0.001a |
| Proactive aggressionc | 0.86 (1.20) | 6.81 (5.50) | <0.001a |
| Substance used | 0 | 5 | >0.05a |
CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; ICU, Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits.
a
Group differences were assessed with two-tailed t tests, χ2 tests, or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables.
b
Cognitive intelligence measured from the full-scale IQ on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2.
c
Measures of aggression are subscales from the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire.
d
Substance use was determined by parent reports of ‘frequent use’.