Table 1.

Characteristics and biomarker levels of study participants.

Variables	All Participants (N = 6643)	Males (N = 3402)	Females (N = 3241)
Individual characteristics
Age (year)	41.10±0.33	40.59±0.41	41.61±0.35
Race/ethnicity (%)
Black	11.52	10.79	12.24
Hispanic	12.48	12.96	12.00
White	70.32	70.72	69.91
Other	5.68	5.52	5.83
Foreign born (%)	15.98	17.21	14.73
Weight category (%)a
Underweight	1.80	1.36	2.26
Normal weight	32.18	27.08	37.32
Overweight	32.45	39.33	25.52
Obese	33.57	32.24	34.90
Body mass index (kg/cm2)	28.42±0.18	28.40±0.17	28.44±0.23
Current smokers (%)	27.53	31.09	23.93
High school graduates (%)	84.26	83.09	85.43
College degree or above (%)	25.66	25.10	26.21
Family income-to-needs ratiob	3.11±0.06	3.17±0.06	3.04±0.06
Serum biomarker levels
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)c	0.41±0.01	0.33±0.02	0.48±0.02
25(OH)-vitamin D (ng/mL)	23.55±0.40	23.59±0.43	23.51±0.41
Community/neighborhood characteristics
County crime rate (# of crime /1000 persons)d	4.17±0.26	4.12±0.27	4.22±0.26
Tract SES factor scoree	0.10±0.06	0.10±0.06	0.10±0.06
Living in urban area (%)	73.88	73.83	73.92
Living in USDA food desert (%)	7.35	7.63	7.06

Note:Data are presented as mean±standard error (SE) or otherwise indicated.

^aUnderweight: Body mass index (BMI)<18.5 kg/cm²; Normal weight: BMI, 18.5–24.9 kg/cm²; Overweight, 25.0–29.9 kg/cm²; Obese: BMI>30 kg/cm².

^bFamily income-to-needs ratio: a ratio in which the numerator is a family's household annual income and the denominator is the federal poverty threshold given the appropriate family size, location and year.

^cC-reactive protein values were based on 6645 participants; 4 participants had missing data.

^dTotal number of crimes per 1000 persons in the county.

^eTract socioeconomic status (SES) factor score was constructed based on percent affluent households, percent residents in poverty and percent college educated residents.