Table 2.
Association of individual and community/neighborhood factors with serum C-reactive protein levels.
| All Participants (N=6643) |
Male (N=3402) |
Female (N=3241) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | β (SE) | P Valuea | β (SE) | P Valuea | β (SE) | P Valuea |
| Individual factors | ||||||
| Age (year) | 0.014 (0.001) | <0.0001 | 0.017 (0.001) | <0.0001 | 0.010 (0.002) | <0.0001 |
| Male (vs. female) | -0.140 (0.020) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Black (vs. White) | -0.0004 (0.0395) | 0.99 | 0.047 (0.053) | 0.37 | -0.068 (0.058) | 0.25 |
| Hispanic (vs. White) | 0.172 (0.045) | 0.0001 | 0.174 (0.062) | 0.005 | 0.161 (0.064) | 0.01 |
| Foreign-born (vs. US-born) | -0.099 (0.042) | 0.02 | -0.111 (0.057) | 0.05 | -0.078 (0.062 | 0.20 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.086 (0.002) | <0.0001 | 0.079 (0.003) | <0.0001 | 0.091 (0.003) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker (vs. non-current smoker) | 0.273 (0.033) | <0.0001 | 0.299 (0.042) | <0.0001 | 0.236 (0.051) | <0.0001 |
| Non-high school graduate (vs. high school graduate) | -0.029 (0.041) | 0.48 | -0.023 (0.055) | 0.67 | -0.086 (0.061) | 0.16 |
| College degree or above (vs. non-college graduate) | 0.011 (0.037) | 0.77 | 0.073 (0.062) | 0.24 | 0.013 (0.066) | 0.85 |
| Income-to-needs ratiob | -0.033 (0.011) | 0.002 | -0.041 (0.014) | 0.005 | -0.021 (0.016) | 0.18 |
| Community/neighborhood factors | ||||||
| Tract urban area (vs. rural area) | -0.058 (0.043) | 0.17 | -0.023 (0.055) | 0.68 | -0.091 (0.061) | 0.14 |
| County crime rate (# of crime/1000 persons)c | 0.022 (0.008) | 0.007 | 0.012 (0.011) | 0.27 | 0.034 (0.012) | 0.004 |
| Tract SES factor scored | -0.003 (0.020) | 0.88 | -0.002 (0.027) | 0.93 | 0.0005 (0.0294) | 0.98 |
| Tract USDA food desert (vs. non-food desert) | 0.011 (0.052) | 0.84 | 0.054 (0.067) | 0.43 | 0.077 (0.075) | 0.30 |
Note: β = β coefficient; SE = standard error.
a
P values were estimated using multilevel random-intercept regression model. Log-transformed values of C-reactive protein were used for β Coefficient and P value estimation.
b
A ratio in which the numerator is a family's household annual income and the denominator is the federal poverty threshold given the appropriate family size, location and year.
c
Total number of crimes per 1000 persons in the county.
d
Tract socioeconomic status (SES) factor score was constructed based on percent affluent households, percent residents in poverty and percent college educated residents.