Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2016 Dec 14;184(12):873–883. doi: 10.1093/aje/kww152

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com

PMC Copyright notice

Figure 5. — Estimated adjusted measures of association between 2 types of human papillomavirus (HPV), type 1 and type 2, when interactions are modeled. The y-axis corresponds to associations measured in simulated epidemiologic studies. The x-axis represents the actual modeled underlying interactions. A) Prevalence odds ratio (POR) for HPV type 2 infection in HPV type 1-infected versus -uninfected individuals according to interaction effects caused by current infection (χ₂). B) POR for HPV type 2 infection in HPV type 1-infected versus -uninfected individuals according to interaction effects caused by immunity (φ₂). C) Incidence rate ratio (IRR) for HPV type 2 infection in HPV type 1-infected versus -uninfected individuals according to interaction effects caused by current infection (χ₂). D) IRR for HPV type 2 infection in HPV type 1-infected versus -uninfected individuals according to interaction effects caused by immunity (φ₂). E) IRR for HPV type 2 infection in HPV type 1-immune versus -nonimmune individuals according to interaction effects caused by current infection (χ₂). F) IRR for HPV type 2 infection in HPV type 1-immune versus -nonimmune individuals according to interaction effects caused by immunity (φ₂). Gray points correspond to associations measured in the overall population, adjusted for sexual activity level. Black points correspond to associations measured in analyses restricted to at-risk partnered individuals (persons in partnerships with HPV type 2-infected partners). Left-hand panels (A, C, and E) show the influence of interaction effect χ₂—the relative probability of HPV type 2 infection per sex act with an infected partner among persons who are HPV type 1-infected compared with persons who are HPV type 1-susceptible. Right-hand panels (B, D, and F) show the influence of interaction effect φ₂—the relative probability of HPV type 2 infection per sex act with an infected partner among persons who are HPV type 1-immune compared with persons who are HPV type 1-susceptible. Values to the left of 1.0000 on the x-axis correspond to modeled competitive interactions, while values to the right of 1.0000 correspond to modeled facilitative interactions. The dotted gray line represents the theoretical line of equality, where epidemiologic measures of association would validly estimate the actual modeled interactions. Both axes use a base-2 log scale.