Fig. 5.

Personalized medicine using brain organoids. Brain organoids in the future might be used in a personalized medicine approach. Individual-derived cells (obtained as a part of a preventive monitoring or disease diagnostics) or cells derived from the embryo as a part of prenatal diagnostics can be reprogrammed into iPS cells, and brain organoids on a large scale could be generated. This large number of organoids could be used for genetic screens and drug screening. Genome editing could also be performed to test the outcome on the brain phenotype. With this in mind, personalized therapeutic strategies may be designed.