Table 2. Occupational hazards, exploitation and violence during trafficking among men and boys using post-trafficking services in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam (n = 446).
| Whole sample (n = 446) | Fishing (n = 275) | Factories (n = 85) | Other (n = 86) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Occupational hazard | ||||||||
| Repeated bending or lifting | 296/408 | 75.6% | 261/275 | 94.9% | 15/85 | 17.7% | 20/48 | 41.7% |
| Lift heavy objects | 285/408 | 69.9% | 257/275 | 93.5% | 12 of 85 | 14.1% | 16/48 | 33.3% |
| Use sharp instruments | 179/408 | 43.9% | 154/275 | 56.0% | 12 of 85 | 14.1% | 13/48 | 27.1% |
| Work with harsh chemicals, cleaning solutions | 91/408 | 22.3% | 52/275 | 18.9% | 32/85 | 37.7% | 7/48 | 14.6% |
| Working in dusts or fibers | 28/106 | 26.4% | - | - | 22/85 | 25.9% | 6/21 | 28.6% |
| Operating big or heavy machinery | 21/101 | 20.8% | - | - | 19/85 | 22.4% | 2/16 | 12.5% |
| Working up high off the ground | 13/101 | 12.9% | - | - | 3 of 85 | 3.5% | 10/16 | 62.5% |
| Working with raw meat | 2 of 24 | 8.3% | - | - | - | - | 2/24 | 8.3% |
| Working with or near pesticides | 4 of 24 | 16.7% | - | - | - | - | 4/24 | 16.7% |
| Unstable or heavy work platforms | 226/275 | 82.2% | 226/275 | 82.2% | - | - | - | - |
| Work along rocky coasts or in remote offshore | 179/275 | 65.1% | 179/275 | 65.1% | - | - | - | - |
| Small, unstable or badly maintained fishing vessel | 94/275 | 34.2% | 94/275 | 34.2% | - | - | - | - |
| Badly maintained or no fishing equipment | 77/275 | 28.0% | 77/275 | 28.0% | - | - | - | - |
| No safety/bad or no survival equipment | 170/275 | 61.8% | 170/275 | 61.8% | - | - | - | - |
| Long hours in the sun, cold or wet without a break | 266/275 | 96.7% | 266/275 | 96.7% | - | - | - | - |
| Working near road traffic | 26/57 | 45.6% | - | - | - | - | 26/57 | 45.6% |
| Long hours in the sun without a break | 30/57 | 52.6% | - | - | - | - | 30/57 | 52.6% |
| Long hours in the cold or wet without a break | 19/57 | 33.3% | - | - | - | - | 19/57 | 33.3% |
| No personal protective equipment given | 131 | 29.4% | 37 | 13.5% | 33 | 38.8% | 61 | 70.9% |
| Mean OHR score (SD)& | 441 | 39.3 (23.3) | 275 | 49.5 (17.5) | 85 | 16.1 (16.9) | 81 | 28.7 (24.5) |
| Hours worked per day | ||||||||
| < = 8 | 40 | 9.0% | 15 | 5.5% | 1 | 1.2% | 24 | 27.9% |
| 8 to 10 | 44 | 9.9% | 5 | 1.8% | 22 | 25.9% | 17 | 19.8% |
| 11 to 15 | 57 | 12.8% | 25 | 9.1% | 18 | 21.2% | 14 | 16.3% |
| 16 to 19 | 23 | 5.2% | 21 | 7.6% | 2 | 2.4% | - | - |
| > = 20 | 117 | 26.2% | 115 | 41.8% | 2 | 2.4% | - | - |
| No fixed hours | 161 | 36.1% | 94 | 34.2% | 39 | 45.9% | 28 | 32.6% |
| Don't know | 4 | 0.9% | - | - | 1 | 1.2% | 3 | 3.5% |
| Hours worked per day mean (SD)* | 281 | 15.6 (6.8) | 181 | 18.8 (5.9) | 45 | 11.9 (2.9) | 55 | 8.2 (3.6) |
| Days worked/week | ||||||||
| 6 or fewer | 24/443 | 5.4% | 4/274 | 1.5% | 11 of 83 | 13.3% | 9/86 | 10.5% |
| Everyday | 383/443 | 86.5% | 267/274 | 97.5% | 63 of 83 | 75.9% | 53/86 | 61.6% |
| No fixed days | 36/443 | 8.1% | 3/274 | 1.1% | 9 of 83 | 10.8% | 24/86 | 27.9% |
| Hours worked/week mean (SD)* | 280 | 108.9 (47.7) | 180 | 132.3 (40.2) | 45 | 79.6 (21.3) | 55 | 56.3 (25.8) |
| Could not change hours/time off if sick/holiday | 367 | 82.3% | 239 | 86.9% | 74 | 87.1% | 54 | 62.8% |
| Cheated of wages | 314 | 70.4% | 195 | 70.9% | 71 | 83.5% | 48 | 55.8% |
| Median wage (USD/day) (median absolute deviation) | 128 | 3.5 (2.8) | 79 | 1.4 (1.1) | 13 | 9.5 (0) | 36 | 6.3 (3.2) |
| No or very few rest breaks | 359 | 80.5% | 245 | 89.1% | 67 | 78.8% | 47 | 54.7% |
| At least one hazardous living condition | 430 | 96.4% | 275 | 100.0% | 85 | 94.1% | 75 | 87.2% |
| Living situation mean score (SD)&& | 446 | 4.2 (2.5) | 275 | 5.6 (1.8) | 85 | 1.7 (1.4) | 86 | 2.2 (1.8) |
| Threats to self or loved ones | 254 | 57.0% | 191 | 69.5% | 31 | 36.5% | 32 | 37.2% |
| No documents | 369 | 83.1% | 208 | 75.9% | 79 | 92.9% | 82 | 96.5% |
| Restricted freedom | 323 | 72.4% | 232 | 84.4% | 49 | 57.7% | 42 | 48.8% |
| Violence severity** | ||||||||
| No violence | 219 | 49.3% | 79 | 28.7% | 72 | 86.8% | 68 | 79.1% |
| Less severe violence | 57 | 12.8% | 48 | 17.5% | 2 | 2.4% | 7 | 8.1% |
| More severe violence | 168 | 37.8% | 148 | 53.8% | 9 | 10.8% | 11 | 12.8% |
| Violence type | ||||||||
| Physical violence^^ | 215 | 48.2% | 188 | 68.4% | 10 | 11.8% | 17 | 19.8% |
| Sexual violence^ | 6 | 1.4% | 5 | 1.8% | - | - | 1 | 1.2% |
| Physical or sexual violence, or both**^^ | 215 | 48.4% | 188 | 68.4% | 10 | 12.1% | 17 | 19.8% |
| Violence exposures (selected) | ||||||||
| Slapped you, shoved you or threw something that could hurt you | 163 | 36.6% | 145 | 52.7% | 5 | 5.9% | 13 | 15.1% |
| Pushed or shoved you | 159 | 35.6% | 142 | 51.6% | 7 | 8.2% | 10 | 11.6% |
| Hit with a fist or something that could hurt you | 143 | 32.1% | 123 | 44.7% | 9 | 10.6% | 11 | 12.8% |
| Kicked, dragged or beat you up | 112 | 25.1% | 101 | 36.7% | 5 | 5.9% | 6 | 7.0% |
| Threatened to use gun, knife or weapon against you | 103 | 23.1% | 91 | 33.1% | 5 | 5.9% | 7 | 8.1% |
| Violence perpetrator | ||||||||
| Employer (when not agent, trafficker) | 109/225 | 48.4% | 92/196 | 46.9% | 4 of 11 | 36.4% | 13/18 | 72.2% |
| Trafficker | 45/225 | 20.0% | 38/196 | 19.4% | 4 of 11 | 36.4% | 3/18 | 16.7% |
| Co-worker | 51/225 | 22.7% | 47/196 | 24.0% | 2 of 11 | 18.2% | 2/18 | 11.1% |
| Police/authority/government official | 9/225 | 4.0% | 9/196 | 4.6% | - | - | - | - |
| Family member or acquaintance | 9/225 | 4.0% | 5/196 | 2.6% | 1 of 11 | 9.1% | 3/18 | 16.7% |
| Security staff/bouncer | 57/225 | 25.3% | 55/196 | 28.1% | - | - | 2/18 | 11.1% |
| Other | 8/225 | 3.6% | 7/196 | 3.6% | - | - | 1/18 | 5.6% |
&Min score 0, max 100
&&Min score 0, max 9
*Among n = 280 males who worked fixed hours/could recall them
**2 missing whole sample
^3 refused to answer
^^excluding being threatened with a weapon