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. 2016 Dec 16;11(12):e0167793. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167793

Fig 2. Bixin and norbixin protect RPE cells from A2E-induced blue-light phototoxicity.

Fig 2

(A) Steps of RPE cell treatment in the in vitro model of phototoxicity. * indicates blue-light illumination (B) Representative pictures of RPE cell nuclei stained with Hoechst 33342 and ethidium homodimer 2 24 hours after illumination. In the controls (cont), cells were treated with DMSO instead of bixin and norbixin, then either treated or not with A2E. Bixin and norbixin treatments were performed 48 hours before illumination. A2E treatment was done 19 hours before illumination. Pictures were taken in the centre of a well (scale bar = 20 μm). (C) Bixin and norbixin effects on RPE cell survival after A2E + illumination compared to non-treated cells (cont—A2E) or cells treated with A2E only (cont + A2E). Data in B and C are representative of five independent experiments with n = 4. Bars represent mean +/- s.e.m. ****p<0.0001 compared to cont + A2E (One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s post test).