. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Jan;49(1):206–217. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001074

Table 2.

Dietary intakes in response to calorie restriction (CR), endurance exercise training (EX), or a combination of CR and EX (CREX).

	All	CR	EX	CREX	Among group p-value

Energy intake, kcal/d
Baseline	2164 ± 85	2243 ± 137	1908 ± 125	2310 ± 159	0.16
Final	1610 ± 62	1428 ± 85	1781 ± 115	1630 ± 107
Change	−572 ± 78	−783 ± 123^a	−179 ± 126^b	−716 ± 116^a	0.002
Within-group P	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.16	<0.0001
Protein, g/day
Baseline	84 ± 3	90 ± 5	73 ± 6	86 ± 6	0.09
Final	70 ± 3	65 ± 3	73 ± 7	71 ± 6
Change	−14 ± 4	−25 ± 6^a	1 ± 6^b	−15 ± 6^ab	0.009
Within-group P	0.0004	<0.0001	0.90	0.01
Protein, g/kg/d
Baseline	1.05 ± 0.04	1.16 ± 0.06^a	0.93 ± 0.06^b	1.03 ± 0.06^ab	0.03
Final	0.94 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.05	1.01 ± 0.08	0.91 ± 0.05
Change	−0.10 ± 0.05	−0.26 ± 0.07^a	0.08 ± 0.08^b	−0.12 ± 0.07^ab	0.008
Within-group P	0.03	0.001	0.28	0.10
Carbohydrate, g/day
Baseline	257 ± 12	247 ± 19^ab	223 ± 17^a	296 ± 26^b	0.05
Final	197 ± 10	168 ± 14	222 ± 19	203 ± 16
Change	−59 ± 12	−79 ± 18^a	−1 ± 19^b	−93 ± 18^a	0.002
Within-group P	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.96	<0.0001
Fat, g/day
Baseline	86 ± 4	92 ± 6	80 ± 8	84 ± 9	0.50
Final	59 ± 3	52 ± 4	66 ± 4	58 ± 6
Change	−27 ± 4	−40 ± 7^a	−13 ± 7^b	−26 ± 7^ab	0.03
Within-group P	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.07	0.0006
Calcium, mg/d
Baseline	1191 ± 96	1304 ± 180	1201 ± 202	1111 ± 130	0.73
Final	1070 ± 89	1050 ± 181	1028 ± 147	1130 ± 136
Change	−135 ± 58	−254 ± 97	−173 ± 100	−19 ± 97	0.14
Within-group P	0.02	0.01	0.09	0.84
Vitamin D, IU/d
Baseline	353 ± 65	289 ± 106	399 ± 117	406 ± 128	0.73
Final	401 ± 66	292 ± 101	400 ± 114	511 ± 129
Change	37 ± 16	3 ± 25	1 ± 26	105 ± 25	0.007
Within-group P	0.03	0.91	0.98	0.0001

Values are arithmetic means ± SE. Among group p-values reflect the significance of the among-group differences in change values based on ANOVA. Means within each row with unlike superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05). For example, for the mean change in protein intake (g/day), the values for the CR group (superscript a) and the EX group (superscript b) are significantly different from each other but are not different from the mean in the CREX group (superscript ab). Calcium and vitamin D data include intakes from supplements.