Table 3.
Changes in lean mass and bone mineral density in response to weight loss induced by calorie restriction (CR), endurance exercise training (EX), or a combination of CR and EX (CREX).
| All | CR | EX | CREX | Among group p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Total body mass, kg | |||||
| Baseline | 79.6 ± 1.5 | 77.9 ± 2.4 | 78.1 ± 2.3 | 82.4 ± 2.9 | 0.38 |
| Final | 73.9 ± 1.4 | 72.5 ± 2.3 | 72.6 ± 2.3 | 76.2 ± 2.8 | |
| Change | 5.7 ± 0.2 | −5.4 ± 0.4 | −5.6 ± 0.4 | −6.1 ± 0.4 | 0.43 |
| Within-group P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Total fat mass, kg | |||||
| Baseline | 32.1 ± 0.7 | 32.2 ± 1.1 | 30.4 ± 1.3 | 33.4 ± 1.3 | 0.24 |
| Final | 27.4 ± 0.7 | 28.1 ± 1.1 | 25.5 ± 1.4 | 28.3 ± 1.2 | |
| Change | −4.7 ± 0.2 | −4.1 ± 0.3 | −4.9 ± 0.3 | −5.0 ± 0.3 | 0.10 |
| Within-group P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Total lean mass, kg | |||||
| Baseline | 44.5 ± 1.2 | 42.7 ± 2.5 | 44.7 ± 1.8 | 45.9 ± 2.0 | 0.55 |
| Final | 43.8 ± 1.2 | 41.8 ± 2.3 | 44.6 ± 1.8 | 45.1 ± 1.9 | |
| Change | −0.7 ± 0.2 | −0.9 ± 0.3a | 0.1 ± 0.3b | −0.3 ± 0.3b | 0.03 |
| Within-group P | 0.0001 | 0.003 | 0.68 | 0.44 | |
| Lower extremity lean mass, kg | |||||
| Baseline | 14.8 ± 0.4 | 14.1 ± 0.9 | 14.9 ± 0.6 | 15.4 ± 0.8 | 0.47 |
| Final | 14.3 ± 0.4 | 13.5 ± 0.8 | 14.7 ± 0.6 | 14.8 ± 0.7 | |
| Change | −0.5 ± 0.1 | −0.6 ± 0.1a | −0.1 ± 0.1b | −0.3 ± 0.2ab | 0.06 |
| Within-group P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.30 | 0.05 | |
| Upper extremity lean mass, kg | |||||
| Baseline | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 0.80 |
| Final | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | |
| Change | −0.1 ± 0.03 | −0.1 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.1 | −0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.29 |
| Within-group P | 0.0009 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.001 | |
| Total appendicular lean mass, kg | |||||
| Baseline | 19.7 ± 0.6 | 18.7 ± 1.3 | 19.9 ± 0.9 | 20.4 ± 1.1 | 0.58 |
| Final | 19.1 ± 0.6 | 18.1 ± 1.3 | 19.6 ± 0.9 | 19.6 ± 1.0 | |
| Change | −0.6 ± 0.1 | −0.8 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.2 | −0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.10 |
| Within-group P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.04 | <0.0001 | |
Values are arithmetic means ± SE except for group-specific change values, which are least squares (adjusted) means ± SE. Among group p-values reflect the significance of the among-group differences in change values based on ANCOVA. Covariates in the initial ANCOVA model included baseline values, magnitude of weight loss, and sex but were removed from the model if they were not significant predictors of the outcome based on p<0.15. Means within each row with unlike superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05). For example, for the mean change in lower extremity lean mass, the values for the CR group (superscript a) and the EX group (superscript b) are significantly different from each other but are not different from the mean in the CREX group (superscript ab). Total body mass and total fat mass data have been reported previously (35).