Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the sepsis cohort.
| Variables | All sepsis | Pulmonary-sepsis | Abdominal-sepsis | p a | Nonsurvivors | Survivors | p b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 483 | n = 272 | n = 180 | n = 219 | n = 216 | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 60.3 (16.2) | 63.7 (15.3) | 56.7 (16.1) | 0.000∗∗ | 64.2 (15.3) | 56.7 (16.6) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Male sex, n% | 319 (66.0) | 186 (67.6) | 114 (63.3) | 0.363 | 140 (64.2) | 147 (68.1) | 0.418 |
| APACHE II, mean (SD) | 21.5 (7.9) | 23.0 (6.9) | 18.6 (8.0) | 0.000∗∗ | 24.4 (7.5) | 19.3 (7.4) | 0.000∗∗ |
| SOFA | 8 (6–11) | 9 (7–12) | 7 (5–11) | 0.003∗∗ | 10 (7–12) | 7 (5–10) | 0.000∗∗ |
| SOFA, nonpulmonary | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 5 (3–8) | 0.125 | 7 (5–9) | 5 (3–8) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 3 (1–5) | 4 (2–5) | 2 (1–4) | 0.000∗∗ | 4 (2–5) | 2 (1–4) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 182 (37.7) | 121 (44.5) | 51 (28.3) | 0.001∗∗ | 98 (45.0) | 76 (35.2) | 0.040∗ |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 47 (9.7) | 35 (12.9) | 9 (5.0) | 0.006∗∗ | 25 (11.5) | 19 (8.8) | 0.427 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 88 (18.2) | 55 (20.2) | 25 (13.9) | 0.102 | 47 (21.6) | 36 (16.7) | 0.223 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 65 (13.5) | 46 (16.9) | 18 (10.0) | 0.040∗ | 29 (13.3) | 30 (13.9) | 0.889 |
| Digestive and liver disease | 140 (29.0) | 70 (25.7) | 66 (36.7) | 0.016∗ | 68 (31.2) | 61 (28.2) | 0.529 |
| Malignancy | 71 (14.7) | 41 (15.1) | 26 (14.4) | 0.893 | 41 (18.8) | 25 (11.6) | 0.045∗ |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 110 (22.8) | 87 (32.0) | 21 (11.7) | 0.000∗∗ | 64 (29.4) | 36 (16.7) | 0.002∗∗ |
| Chronic kidney disease | 40 (8.3) | 31 (11.4) | 7 (3.9) | 0.005∗∗ | 22 (10.1) | 16 (7.4) | 0.396 |
| Other diseases | 110 (22.8) | 76 (27.9) | 30 (16.7) | 0.006∗∗ | 58 (26.6) | 40 (20.4) | 0.141 |
| Pathogen, n% | |||||||
| Gram positive | 40 (8.3) | 19 (7.0) | 16 (8.9) | 0.591 | 12 (5.6) | 16 (7.6) | 0.439 |
| Gram negative | 265 (54.9) | 152 (55.9) | 97 (53.9) | 0.495 | 121 (56.3) | 111 (52.6) | 0.496 |
| Fungus | 175 (36.2) | 122 (44.9) | 42 (23.3) | 0.000∗∗ | 98 (45.0) | 60 (27.8) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Virus | 20 (4.1) | 16 (5.9) | 3 (1.7) | 0.031∗ | 7 (3.2) | 9 (4.2) | 0.621 |
| Type of sepsis, n% | 0.084 | 0.000∗∗ | |||||
| Sepsis | 37 (7.7) | 23 (8.5) | 11 (6.1) | 0.467 | 5 (2.3) | 23 (10.6) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Severe sepsis | 133 (27.5) | 83 (30.5) | 44 (24.4) | 0.166 | 50 (22.9) | 72 (33.3) | 0.019∗ |
| Septic shock | 313 (64.8) | 166 (61.0) | 125 (69.4) | 0.072 | 163 (74.8) | 121 (56.0) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Origin of sepsis, n% | |||||||
| Pulmonary | 272 (56.3) | — | — | — | 152 (69.7) | 100 (46.3) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Abdominal | 180 (37.3) | — | — | — | 50 (22.9) | 102 (47.2) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Other | 31 (6.4) | — | — | — | 16 (7.3) | 15 (6.9) | 1.000 |
| Pulmonary infectionc, n% | 346 (71.6) | 272 (100) | 62 (34.4) | 0.000∗∗ | 172 (78.9) | 135 (62.5) | 0.000∗∗ |
| ICU treatment within 24 h hours, n% | |||||||
| IPPV | 420 (87.0) | 228 (83.8) | 164 (91.1) | 0.033∗ | 195 (90.3) | 180 (88.7) | 0.634 |
| NPPV | 34 (7.0) | 24 (8.8) | 8 (4.4) | 0.092 | 15 (6.9) | 16 (7.9) | 0.852 |
| Tracheal extubationd | 40 (8.3) | 8 (2.9) | 30 (16.9) | 0.000∗∗ | 12 (5.5) | 26 (12.0) | 0.017∗ |
| Vasopressor | 181 (37.5) | 91 (33.5) | 74 (41.7) | 0.090 | 103 (47.2) | 64 (29.6) | 0.000∗∗ |
| ARF, n% | 74 (15.3) | 48 (17.6) | 19 (10.6) | 0.043∗ | 54 (24.8) | 17 (7.9) | 0.000∗∗ |
| CRRT, n% | 83 (17.2) | 55 (20.2) | 20 (11.1) | 0.014∗ | 60 (27.5) | 21 (9.7) | 0.000∗∗ |
| MV, d | 8 (3–16) | 11 (5–20.8) | 5 (2–11) | 0.000∗∗ | 11 (4–21) | 6 (3–13) | 0.000∗∗ |
| ICU LOS, d | 13 (6–23) | 14 (7–3) | 8.5 (4–19) | 0.000∗∗ | 14 (5–24) | 12 (6–22) | 0.605 |
| Hospital LOS, d | 23 (13–39) | 24 (13–37) | 23 (13–44) | 0.649 | 18 (8.8–33) | 28 (17–47) | 0.000∗∗ |
| ICU mortality | 86 (17.8) | 61 (22.4) | 16 (8.9) | 0.000∗∗ | — | — | — |
| Hospital mortality | 97 (20.1) | 68 (25.0) | 18 (10.0) | 0.000∗∗ | — | — | — |
| 28-day mortalitye | 79 (23.4) | 58 (31.7) | 17 (12.6) | 0.000∗∗ | — | — | — |
| 1-year mortalityf | 122 (36.1) | 83 (45.4) | 33 (24.4) | 0.000∗∗ | — | — | — |
| Laboratory parameters on admission | |||||||
| PLT 109 | 140 (88–219) | 137 (85–200) | 158 (89–248) | 0.041∗ | 133 (72–203) | 152 (92–232) | 0.027∗ |
| Albumin g/L, mean (SD) | 26.9 (6.8) | 29.1 (6.1) | 23.4 (6.7) | 0.000∗∗ | 27.5 (23.3–31.6) | 26.6 (21.7–31.1) | 0.071 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 82 (57–142) | 84 (59–171) | 79 (54–125) | 0.072 | 98 (61–197) | 73 (54–119) | 0.001∗∗ |
| Cystatin c, mg/L | 1.1 (0.9–1.9) | 1.3 (0.9–2.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | 0.000∗∗ | 1.4 (1.0–2.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 0.000∗∗ |
| LDH IU/L | 272 (198–435) | 304 (232–476) | 217 (164–328) | 0.000∗∗ | 305 (230–487) | 242 (180–375) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Anion gap, mmol/L | 17.4 (14.5–21.0) | 17.0 (14.2–21.3) | 18.2 (15.6–20.6) | 0.129 | 17.9 (14.5–22.1) | 17.3 (14.4–20.2) | 0.012∗ |
| Lactateg, mmol/L | 1.9 (1.3–3.1) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 1.9 (1.4–3.6) | 0.033∗ | 1.9 (1.4–3.3) | 1.8 (1.3–3.1) | 0.239 |
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 189.0 (121.8–263.3) | 170.5 (109.4–229.9) | 208.5 (146.6–294.0) | 0.000∗∗ | 169.2 (100.6–238.6) | 204 (150.0–277.3) | 0.000∗∗ |
| PaO2, mmHg | 85 (70–119) | 80 (68–109) | 97 (77–135) | 0.000∗∗ | 81 (67–115) | 87 (73–131) | 0.055 |
Quantitative data was presented as median (IQR), and qualitative data was presented as n (%) except otherwise indicated. SD, standard deviation; IPPV, invasive ventilation; NPPV, noninvasive ventilation; ARF, acute renal failure; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; MV, mechanical ventilation; ICU LOS, length of ICU stay; hospital LOS, length of hospital stay; PLT, platelet; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.
aComparison between pulmonary-sepsis and abdominal-sepsis.
bComparison between one-year survivors and nonsurvivors.
cPulmonary infection was defined as pulmonary infection identified during the whole ICU stay period.
dWhen analyzing the ratio of extubation in the first 24 h of ICU administration, patients without mechanical ventilation were excluded.
e, fPatients who died in ICU or lost to follow-up were excluded. There was a total of 338 sepsis patients, 183 of them had pulmonary-sepsis, and 135 had abdominal-sepsis when analyzing 28-day or one-year mortality.
gThere was a total of 290 sepsis patients with measurement of lactate within the first 24 h; of those 155 had pulmonary-sepsis and 114 had abdominal-sepsis.
∗ p < 0.05. ∗∗ p < 0.01.