WNV induces expression of Il17a and Il17ra in both humans and mice. (A) Il17a transcripts were measured by qPCR and expressed as RFC after normalization to cellular β-actin in human PBMCs infected with WNV for 24 h or 48 h. (B) IL-17A production in culture supernatant of WNV-infected hPBMCs measured by ELISA. (C) Levels of IL-17A in sera of human WNV patients and healthy controls measured by ELISA. (D) RFC of Il17a transcripts after normalization to cellular β-actin in mouse splenocytes (MOI = 0.1). (E) IL-17A production measured by ELISA in plasma of Il23p19−/− mice and their littermate WT control mice (7 to 9 weeks old) infected with WNV (1,000 PFU i.p.). (F and G) WT (C57BL/6) mice were infected with WNV (1,000 PFU i.p.), and expression of Il17a (F) and Il17ra (G) transcripts was measured in brain tissue by qPCR. Shown are means and standard errors of the mean (SEM). The data represent the results of two independent experiments performed in triplicate and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (E, F, and G) The data represent the results of two independent experiments (n = 5 mice/group) analyzed by a two-tailed Student t test; ns, no significant difference (P > 0.05).