FIG 4.

IF analyses of HBoV1 NS1-induced DDR in HEK293 cells. HEK293 cells were transduced with lentiviruses encoding viral NS1, NS1-70, NS2, NS3, NS4, NP1, and VP or GFP (control). At 48 h postransduction, cells were collected for IF analysis. (A and B) Cells were costained with anti-γH2AX and anti-NS1C (A) or with anti-γH2AX and anti-NS1NL, anti-Strep, or anti-VP (B), as indicated. (C and D) Cells were costained with anti-p-RPA32 and anti-NS1C (C) and with anti-p-RPA32 and anti-NS1NL, anti-Strep, or anti-VP (D), as indicated. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Confocal images were taken at a ×100 magnification. GFP was used as control without staining.