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. 2016 Dec 19;7:614. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00614

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Copyright © 2016 Merlini, Tincati, Biasin, Saulle, Cazzaniga, d’Arminio Monforte, Cappione, Snyder-Cappione, Clerici and Marchetti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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In vitro toll-like receptor (TLR) challenge on PBMCs: mRNA expression of genes involved in the TLR pathway in Full Responders (FRs) and Immunological Non-Responders (INRs). TLR signaling pathway mRNA expression in HIV + combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) FRs (white bars) and HIV + cART INRs (black bars) for TLR4 and TLR 7/8 stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ssRNA, respectively. (A) Higher constitutive mRNA (up to 20-fold) of CCL2, CSF2, CSF3, CXCL10, IFNγ, IL1α, IL1b, IL6, IL8, CLEC4E, HSPA1A, CD80, and TLR3, in INRs as compared to FRs. (B,C) No effect on TLR downstream pathway after LPS and ssRNA stimulation. (D) Upregulation of IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-8 in FRs alone following LPS stimulation. (E) Higher mRNA transcription of IFN-γ, IL-6, CSF2, and CSF3 in FRs and higher type I interferons in INRs after ssRNA stimulation.